Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Winners 2000-1901
brought to you by The Nobel Prize Internet Archive
2000 The prize was awarded jointly to:
ARVID CARLSSON, PAUL GREENGARD and ERIC KANDEL for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.
1999 The prize was awarded to: GÜNTER BLOBEL, for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.
1998 The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT F. FURCHGOTT, LOUIS J. IGNARRO and FERID MURAD for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
1997 STANLEY B. PRUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection
1996 The prize was awarded jointly to: PETER C. DOHERTY and ROLF M. ZINKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.
1995 The prize was awarded jointly to: EDWARD B. LEWIS, CHRISTIANE NSLEIN-VOLHARD and ERIC F. WIESCHAUS for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
1994 The prize was awarded jointly to: ALFRED G. GILMAN and MARTIN RODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.
1993 The prize was awarded jointly to: RICHARD J. ROBERTS and PHILLIP A. SHARP for their independent discoveries of split genes.
1992 The prize was awarded jointly to: EDMOND H. FISCHER and EDWIN G. KREBS for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.
1991 The prize was awarded jointly to: ERWIN NEHER and BERT SAKMANN for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.
1990 The prize was awarded jointly to: JOSEPH E. MURRAY and E. DONNALL THOMAS for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.
1989 The prize was awarded jointly to: J. MICHAEL BISHOP and HAROLD E. VARMUS for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.
1988 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR JAMES W. BLACK , GERTRUDE B. ELION and GEORGE H. HITCHINGS for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.
1987 SUSUMU TONEGAWA for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.
1986 The prize was awarded jointly to: STANLEY COHEN and RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI for their discoveries of growth factors.
1985 The prize was awarded jointly to: MICHAEL S. BROWN and JOSEPH L. GOLDSTEIN for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
1984 The prize was awarded jointly to: NIELS K. JERNE , GEORGES J.F. KLER and CAR MILSTEIN for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.
1983 BARBARA MC CLINTOCK for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.
1982 The prize was awarded jointly to: SUNE K. BERGSTR , BENGT I. SAMUELSSON and SIR JOHN R. VANE for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
1981 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:ROGER W. SPERRY for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres.and the other half awarded jointly to:DAVID H. HUBEL and TORSTEN N. WIESEL for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.
1980 The prize was awarded jointly to: BARUJ BENACERRAF , JEAN DAUSSET and GEORGE D. SNELL for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.
1979 The prize was awarded jointly to: ALAN M. CORMACK and SIR GODFREY N. HOUNSFIELD for the development of computer assisted tomography.
1978 The prize was awarded jointly to:：WERNER ARBER , DANIEL NATHANS nd HAMILTON O. SMITH for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.
1977 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to: ROGER GUILLEMIN and ANDREW V. SCHALLY for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain and the other half awarded to: ROSALYN YALOW for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones.
1976 The prize was awarded jointly to: BARUCH S. BLUMBERG and D. CARLETON GAJDUSEK for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases.
1975 The prize was awarded jointly to: DAVID BALTIMORE , RENATO DULBECCO and HOWARD MARTIN TEMIN for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.
1974 The prize was awarded jointly to: ALBERT CLAUDE , CHRISTIAN DE DUVE and GEORGE E. PALADE for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.
1973 The prize was awarded jointly to: KARL VON FRISCH , KONRAD LORENZ and NIKOLAAS TINBERGEN for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.
1972 The prize was awarded jointly to: GERALD M. EDELMAN and RODNEY R. PORTER for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.
1971 EARL W. JR. SUTHERLAND for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the
action of hormones.
1970 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR BERNARD KATZ , ULF VON EULER and JULIUS AXELROD for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.
1969 The prize was awarded jointly to: MAX DELBRK , ALFRED D. HERSHEY and SALVADOR E. LURIA for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the gentic structure of viruses.
1968 The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT W. HOLLEY , HAR GOBIND KHORANA and MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.
1967 The prize was awarded jointly to: RAGNAR GRANIT , HALDAN KEFFER HARTLINE and GEORGE WALD for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.
1966 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: PEYTON ROUS for his discovery of tumorinducing viruses and the other half to:CHARLES BRENTON HUGGINS for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer.
1965 The prize was awarded jointly to: FRANIS JACOB , ANDR?/font> LWOFF and JACOUES MONOD for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.
1964 The prize was awarded jointly to: KONRAD BLOCH and FEODOR LYNEN for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.
1963 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR JOHN CAREW ECCLES , SIR ALAN LLOYD HODGKIN and SIR ANDREW FIELDING HUXLEY for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.
1962 The prize was awarded jointly to: FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON CRICK , JAMES DEWEY WATSON and MAURICE HUGH FREDERICK WILKINS for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.
1961 GEORG VON BY for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea.
1960 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR FRANK MACFARLANE BURNET and SIR PETER BRIAN MEDAWAR for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
1959 The prize was awarded jointly to: SEVERO OCHOA and ARTHUR KORNBERG for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid.
1958 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to: GEORGE WELLS BEADLE and EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events and the other half to: JOSHUA LEDERBERG for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.
1957 DANIEL BOVET for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles.
1956 The prize was awarded jointly to: ANDR font FRIC COURNAND , WERNER FORSSMANN and DICKINSON W. RICHARDS for their discoveries concerning heart catherization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.
1955 AXEL HUGO THEODOR THEORELL for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes.
1954 The prize was awarded jointly to: JOHN FRANKLIN ENDERS , THOMAS HUCKLE WELLER and FREDERICK CHAPMAN ROBBINS for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.
1953 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: SIR HANS ADOLF KREBS for his discovery of the citric acid cycle and the other half to:FRITZ ALBERT LIPMANN for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism.
1952 SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
1951 MAX THEILER for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it.
1950 The prize was awarded jointly to: EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL , TADEUS REICHSTEIN and PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.
1949 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: WALTER RUDOLF HESS for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs and the other half to:ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS MONIZ for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses.
1948 PAUL HERMANN MLER for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arth ropods.
1947 The prize was divided, one half awarded jointly to: CARL FERDINAND CORI and GERTY THERESA CORI nRADNITZ for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen and the other half awarded to: BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.
1946 HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.
1945 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING , SIR ERNST BORIS CHAIN and LORD HOWARD WALTER FLOREY for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.
1944 The prize was awarded jointly to JOSEPH ERLANGER and HERBERT SPENCER GASSER for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.
1943 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: HENRIK CARL PETER DAM for his discovery of vitamin K. and the other half to:EDWARD ADELBERT DOISY for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.
1942-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1939 GERHARD DOMAGK for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award, but later received the diploma and the medal.)
1938 CORNEILLE JEAN FRANIS HEYMANS for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.
1937 ALBERT SZENT-GGYI VON NAGYRAPOLT for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.
1936 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE and OTTO LOEWI for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
1935 HANS SPEMANN for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.
1934 The prize was awarded jointly to: GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE , GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT and WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia.
1933 THOMAS HUNT MORGAN for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.
1932 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON and LORD EDGAR DOUGLAS ADRIAN for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.
1931 OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
1930 KARL LANDSTEINER for his discovery of human blood groups.
1929 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: CHRISTIAAN EIJKMAN for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin and the other half awarded to:SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.
1928 CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE for his work on typhus.
1927 JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.
1926 JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB FIBIGER for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.
1925 The prize money for 1925 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1924 WILLEM EINTHOVEN for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.
1923 SIR FREDERICK GRANT BANTING and JOHN JAMES RICHARD MACLEOD for the discovery of insulin.
1922 The prize was divided equally between: SIR ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle and OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactid acid in the muscle.
1921 The prize money for 1921 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1920 SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERGER KROGH for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.
1919 JULES BORDET for his discoveries relating to immunity.
1918-1915 The prize money for 1918-1915 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914 ROBERT BY for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.
1913 CHARLES ROBERT RICHET in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis.
1912 ALEXIS CARREL in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood-vessels and organs.
1911 ALLVAR GULLSTRAND for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.
1910 ALBRECHT KOSSEL in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.
1909 EMIL THEODOR KOCHER for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland.
1908 The prize was awarded jointly to: ILYA ILYICH MECHNIKOV and PAUL EHRLICH in recognition of their work on immunity.
1907 CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases.
1906 The prize was awarded jointly to: CAMILLO GOLGI and SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL in recognition of their work on the stucture of the nervous system.
1905 ROBERT KOCH for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.
1904 IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.
1903 NIELS RYBERG FINSEN in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science.
1902 SIR RONALD ROSS for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful resesarch on this disease and methods of combating it.
1901 EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winners 2000-1901
brought to you by The Nobel Prize Internet Archive
2000 The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to: ALAN J. HEEGER, ALAN G. MACDIARMID, and HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA for the discovery and development of conductive polymers.
1999 AHMED ZEWAIL for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.
1998 The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved. The prize was divided equally between: WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory and JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.
1997 The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to: PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and with one half to: JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase.
1996 The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for their discovery of fullerenes.
1995 The prize was awarded jointly to: PAUL CRUTZEN , MARIO MOLINA , and F. SHERWOOD ROWLAND for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.
1994 GEORGE A. OLAH for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.
1993 The prize was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry equally between: KARY B. MULLIS for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. and MICHAEL SMITH for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.
1992 RUDOLPH A. MARCUS for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.
1991 RICHARD R. ERNST for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
1990 ELIAS JAMES COREY for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.
1989 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIDNEY ALTMAN and THOMAS R. CECH for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA.
1988 The prize was awarded jointly to: JOHANN DEISENHOFER , ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.
1987 The prize was awarded jointly to: ONALD J. CRAM , JEAN-MARIE LEHN and CHARLES J. PEDERSEN for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.
1986 The prize was awarded jointly to: DUDLEY R. HERSCHBACH , YUAN T. LEE and JOHN C. POLANYI for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.
1985 The prize was awarded jointly to: HERBERT A. HAUPTMAN and JEROME KARLE for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.
1984 ROBERT BRUCE MERRIFIELD for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.
1983 HENRY TAUBE for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.
1982 SIR AARON KLUG for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes.
1981 The prize was awarded jointly to: KENICHI FUKUI and ROALD HOFFMANN for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions.
1980 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: PAUL BERG for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA and the other half jointly to: WALTER GILBERT and FREDERICK SANGER for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.
1979 The prize was divided equally between: HERBERT C. BROWN and GEORG WITTIG for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.
1978 PETER D. MITCHELL for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.
1977 ILYA PRIGOGINE for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures.
1976 WILLIAM N.. LIPSCOMB for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding.
1975 The prize was divided equally between: SIR JOHN WARCUP CORNFORTH for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and VLADIMIR PRELOG for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.
1974 PAUL J. FLORY for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules.
1973 The prize was divided equally between: ERNST OTTO FISCHER and SIR GEOFFREY WILKINSON for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds.
1972 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: CHRISTIAN B. ANFINSEN for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation and the other half jointly to: STANFORD MOORE and WILLIAM H. STEIN for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.
1971 GERHARD HERZBERG for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic stucture and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.
1970 LUIS F. LELOIR for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
1969 The prize was divided equally between: SIR DEREK H. R. BARTON and ODD HASSEL for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry.
1968 LARS ONSAGER for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
1967 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: ANFRED EIGEN and the other half jointly to: RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH and LORD GEORGE PORTER for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.
1966 ROBERT S. MULLIKEN for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method.
1965 ROBERT BURNS WOODWARD for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis.
1964 DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.
1963 The prize was divided equally between: KARL ZIEGLER and GIULIO NATTA for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers.
1962 The prize was divided equally between: MAX FERDINAND PERUTZ and SIR JOHN COWDERY KENDREW for their studies of the structures of globular proteins.
1961 MELVIN CALVIN for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.
1960 WILLARD FRANK LIBBY for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science.
1959 JAROSLAV HEYROVSKY for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis.
1958 FREDERICK SANGER for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin.
1957 LORD ALEXANDER R. TODD for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes.
1956 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR CYRIL NORMAN HINSHELWOOD and NIKOLAY NIKOLAEVICH SEMENOV for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions.
1955 VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone.
1954 LINUS CARL PAULING for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.
1953 HERMANN STAUDINGER for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.
1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: ARCHER JOHN PORTER MARTIN and RICHARD LAURENCE MILLINGTON SYNGE for their invention of partition chromatography.
1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: EDWIN MATTISON MC MILLAN and GLENN THEODORE SEABORG for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements.
1950 The prize was awarded jointly to: OTTO PAUL HERMANN DIELS and KURT ALDER for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis.
1949 WILLIAM FRANCIS GIAUQUE for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures.
1948 ARNE WILHELM KAURIN TISELIUS for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins.
1947 SIR ROBERT ROBINSON for his investigations on plant products of biological
importance, especially the alkaloids.
1946 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: JAMES BATCHELLER SUMNER for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized. the other half jointly to JOHN HOWARD NORTHROP and WENDELL MEREDITH STANLEY for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.
1945 ARTTURI ILMARI VIRTANEN for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method.
1944 OTTO HAHN for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.
1943 GEORGE DE HEVESY for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes.
1942-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1939 ADOLF FRIEDRICH JOHANN BUTENANDT for his work on sex hormones. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal).and LEOPOLD RUZICKA for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.
1938 RICHARD KUHN for his work on carotenoids and vitamins. (Caused by the
uthorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal.)
1937 The prize was divided equally between: SIR WALTER NORMAN HAWORTH for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C. andPAUL KARRER for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2.
1936 PETRUS (PETER) JOSEPHUS WILHELMUS DEBYE for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.
1935 The prize was awarded jointly to: FRIC JOLIOT and IRE JOLIOT-CURIE in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.
1934 HAROLD CLAYTON UREY for his discovery of heavy hydrogen.
1933 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1932 IRVING LANGMUIR for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.
1931 The prize was awarded jointly to: CARL BOSCH and FRIEDRICH BERGIUS in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods.
1930 HANS FISCHER for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin.
1929 The prize was divided equally between: SIR ARTHUR HARDEN and HANS KARL AUGUST SIMON VON EULER-CHELPIN for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes.
1928 ADOLF OTTO REINHOLD WINDAUS for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins.
1927 HEINRICH OTTO WIELAND for his investigations of the constitution of the bile
acids and related substances.
1926 THE (THEODOR) SVEDBERG for his work on disperse systems.
1925 RICHARD ADOLF ZSIGMONDY for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry.
1924 The prize money for 1924 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1923 FRITZ PREGL for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances.
1922 FRANCIS WILLIAM ASTON for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule.
1921 FREDERICK SODDY , for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes.
1920 WALTHER HERMANN NERNST in recognition of his work in thermochemistry.
1919 The prize money for 1919 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1918 FRITZ HABER for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.
1917-1916 The prize money for 1917-1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915 RICHARD MARTIN WILLSTTER for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll.
1914 THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS , in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements.
1913 ALFRED WERNER in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry.
1912 The prize was divided equally between: VICTOR GRIGNARD for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry and PAUL SABATIER for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years.
1911 MARIE CURIE, nMarie Sklodowska, in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.
1910 OTTO WALLACH in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds.
1909 WILHELM OSTWALD in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction.
1908 LORD ERNEST RUTHERFORD for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances.
1907 EDUARD BUCHNER for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cellfree fermentation.
1906 HENRI MOISSAN in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him.
1905 JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON BAEYER in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds.
1904 SIR WILLIAM RAMSAY in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system.
1903 SVANTE AUGUST ARRHENIUS in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation.
1902 HERMANN EMIL FISCHER in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses.
1901 JACOBUS HENRICUS VAN'T HOFF in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.
生物化学研究的诺贝尔奖
（1952——1999）
1999年 生理学或医学奖
美国纽约洛克菲勒大学的Gunter Blobel获得1999年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖。他的贡献是发现蛋白质具有控制其运输和定位的内在信号。
1998年 生理学或医学奖
Rolert F．Furchgott（美国），Louis J．Ignarro（美国）和 Ferid Murad（美
国），发现NO（一氧化氮）是心血管系统的信号分子
1997年 生理学或医学奖
Stanley B．Prusiner（美国），发现一种新型的致病因子——感染性蛋白质颗粒Prion
化学奖
Paul．Boyer（美国）和 John E．Walker（英国），阐明 ATP酶促合成机制
Jens C．Skou（丹麦），发现输送离子的 Na+ ，K+-ATP酶
1996年 生理学或医学奖
Peter C．eherty（美国）和 ROlf M．Zinkernagel（瑞士），发现 T细胞对病毒感染细胞的识别受MHC（主要组织相容性复合体）限制
1994年 生理学或医学奖
lfred G．Gilman（美国）和 Martin ROdbell（美国），发现 G蛋白及其在细胞内信号转导中的作用
1993年 生理学或医学奖
Richard J．ROberts（美国）和 PhilliP A．SharP（美国），发现断裂基因化学奖
Kary n．wtullis（美国），发明 PCR方法
Michael Smith（加拿大），建立 DNA合成用于定点诱变研究
1992年 生理学或医学奖
Edmond H．Fischer（美国）和 Edwin G．Krebs（美国），发现可逆蛋白质
磷酸化是一种生物调节机制
1989年 生理学或医学奖
Harold E．Varmus（美国）和J．Michael Bishop（美国），发现反转录病毒
癌基因的细胞起源
化学奖
Sidney Altman（美国）和 Thorn R．Cech（美国），发现 RNA的催化性质
1988年 生理学或医学奖
James W．Black（英国），ertrude B．Elion（美国）和 Gong H．Hitchings（美国），发现“代谢”有关药物处理的重要原则
1986年 生理学或医学奖
Stanley Cohen（美国）和 Rita Levi-Montalcini（意大利），发现生长因子
1985年 生理学或医学奖
Michael S．Brown（美国）和Joseph L．Goldstein（美国），发现胆固醇代谢的调节作用
1984年 化学奖
Bruce Merrfield（美国），建立和发展（蛋白质）因相化学合成方法
1983年 生理学或医学奖
Barbar McClintock（美国），发现可移动遗传元件
1982年 生理学或医学奖
Sune K．Mtrom（瑞典），Bent．Samuelsson（瑞典）和 John R．Vane（英国），发现前列腺素和相关生物活性物质
化学奖
Aam Klug（英国），发展晶体电子显微镜技术测定核酸一蛋白质复合物的结构
1980年 化学奖
Paul Berg（美国），关于核酸化学，特别是重组 DNA的出色研究
Walter Glbert（美国）和 FrederiCk Sanger（英国），测定 DNA中的碱基序列
1978年 生理学或医学奖
Werner Arber（瑞士），Daniel Nathans（美）和 Hmiltor O．Smith（美），发现限制性内切酶并应用于解决分子遗传学问题
化学奖
Peter Mitchell（英国），通过化学渗透理论了解生物能转换
1977年 生理学或医学奖
ROger Guillemin（美国）和 ndrew V．SChally（美国），发现脑多肽激素的生成
ROSalyn S．Yalow 美国），建立多肽激素的放射免疫测定法
1976年 生理学或医学奖
Ba－ruch S．Bltirnberg（美）和 D．Carletor Gidusek（美），发现感染（乙型肝炎、库鲁病）的起源和散播的新机制
1975年 生理学或医学奖
David Baltimore（美国），RenatO Bulbecco（英国）和 HOWard M．Tdrin
（美国），发现肿瘤病毒和细胞遗传物质的相互作用，提出前病毒理论
化学奖
JOhn Warcup Chmforth（英国），酶催化反应的立体化学
1972年 生理学或医学奖
Gerald M．Edelman（美国）和 Rodney R．Porter（英国），确定抗体的化学结构
化学奖
Christian B．nfinsen（美国），RNase的研究，提出氨基酸序列与生物活性构象间的联系
Stanford Moors（美国）和 William H．Stein（美国），关于 RNase化学结构与活性中心的催化活性间联系的新见解
1971年 生理学或医学奖
Earl．Sutherand（美国），发现激素（如 cAMP）作用机制
1970年 化学奖。
Luis F．Lelhr（阿根廷）发现糖一核苷酸及它糖类生物合成中的功用
1968年 生理学或医学奖
Robert W．HOlley（美国），Har G．Khorana（美国）和Marshall．Nirenbeng（美国），阐明蛋白质生物合成中遗传密码及其功能
1965年 生理学或医学奖
Francois Jacob（法国），ndre L、ff（法国）和 JaCOques Monod（法国），发现酶和病毒合成的基因调节
1964年 生理学或医学奖
Konard Bloch（美国）和 Feoder Lgnen（德国），发现胆固醇和脂肪酸代谢的机制和调节
化学奖
Derothy Crowfoot Hodgkin（英国），用 X射线技术测定重要生化物质的结构
1962年 生理学或医学奖
Francis H．C． Crick（英国），James D．Watson（美国）和 Maurice H．F． Wilkins（英国），发现核酸的分子结构（DNA双螺旋）及其对于活性物质中信息转移的重要性
化学奖
Max F．Perutz（英国）和 JOhn C．Kendrew（英国），关于球状蛋白质（血红蛋白、肌红蛋白）结构的研究
1959年 生理学或医学奖
Severo Ochoa（美国）和 Arthur KOrnbefg（美国），发现 RNA和 DNA生物合成机制
1958年 生理学或医学奖
George W．Beadle（美国）和 Edward L．Tatum（美国），发现化学反应对基因的控制和影响
Joshua Lederbeng（美国），发现细菌中遗传物质的基因重组和组织
化学奖
rederick Saflger（英国），蛋白质，特别是胰岛素结构的测定
1957年 化学奖
Alexander R．Tod（英国），核苷酸和核苷酸辅酶的研究
1955年 生理学或医学奖
Axel．T．Theorell（瑞典），发现氧化酶的性质和作用方式
1953年 生理学或医学奖
Hans A．Krebs（英国），发现柠檬酸循环
Fritz A．Lipthann（美国），发现辅酶 A及其在中间代谢中的重要性
1952年 化学奖
Archer J．P．Mrtin和 Richard L．M.ynge，发明分配层析 :