例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang， first put forward in the 1920s， to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
(3)把非谓语动词直接译成名词
例：When that happens， it is not a mistake： it is mankind''s instinct for moral reasoning in action， an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
当人们产生同情心的时候并不是一个错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲弄
(4)把非谓语动词直接译成谓词动词
例：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
五、英译汉中的从句
(1)主语从句 (2)宾语从句 (3)表语从句
例：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
(4)定语从句
例：They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory， and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自制者所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
(5)状语从句
例：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians， modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
(6)同谓语从句
例：This trend began during the Second World War， when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
六、对称关系
(1)结构上对称，例用并列联词，and， or but
(2)误意上对称，使用同一类型的词。
例：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past， giving rise to new standards of elegance.
同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
The target is wrong， for in attacking the tests， critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
例：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
例：During this transfer， traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
七、英译汉中的变化
一个是结构上的变化，另一个是英语词上的变化
(1)结构上的变化
例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。
(2)用词上的变化
例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
例：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
行为科学之所以发展一直缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
八、英译汉中的省略关系
(1)动词的省略
例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
(2)名词的省略
例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
