减少:decline/decrease from ……to ……
更简洁的表达:不用from……to……,而是用 by；例如:增长了400：increase by 400

（2001年大纲样题_观点论证题）Directions:
Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies still claim that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.(广泛的烟草销售导致了严重的后果。grave:严重的; still claim that:仍然宣称; 他们为世界经济做出了巨大的贡献)
注意：情景说明是坚决不能直接引用的。情景说明是需要大幅度改造的，哪怕只改一点点也行。
There is a discussion in a newspaper on the above two viewpoints.
Write an essay to the newspaper
1) criticizing their view and (批评他们的观点，但是批评的时候不能够全盘否定，
我们的态度是弊大于利。)
2) justify your stand.（stand=standpoint，要论证我的立场是合理的）
In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the pictures printed below.（make full use，指要充分利用下面的数据，即四个图都应该用到。）
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET

2001年写作大纲的改革：
1. 单词数目由150增加到200个单词。
2. 分值从15分增加到了20分。
3. 在大纲样题中：增加了情景说明。
这种题目的类型是观点论证题。2001年的考题要举例论证，而这道题要充分利用图表数据去论证。

左上角的是柱状图，bar chart, 可以看出是处于一个减少的趋势。
减少：decrease; decline; reduce;
表达的时候一定要用 from to 结构。
英语中没有亿的概念, 只有十亿：billion;所以途中数据应该改为：14.364 billion pounds;14.2 billion pounds
右上角的饼状图：pie chart,
它的特点是可以看出某个部分占多大的比例，应该相应的使用：account for
左下角的图：图上的数字应为 200 billion
右下角的图：图上的数字应为 3 million
范文：（高分）
The（vast更有力度）majority of（绝大多数）people would agree that cigarette smoking（吸烟：cigarette smoking烟草消费：tobacco consumption）has caused（导致：cause; lead to）serious problems.（严重的问题：serious problem; grave consequence;）绝大多数人都同意，吸烟已经导致了严重的问题。 But the tobacco companies insist（坚持认为：insist; claim）that they contribute greatly to the world economy（为世界经济做出了巨大的贡献）by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.（Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies still claim that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.词性变换）
Personally, I believe that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good. Firstly, smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases and so on. According to the survey, tobacco consumers account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three million people die from smoking-related diseases every year. The fact that the output of tobacco production is reduced from（或者使用：decrease from……to……）14.364 billion pounds in 1994 to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995 also suggests that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. Secondly, tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures, 200 billion US dollars is lost due to smoking each year. Obviously, the total loss of money around the globe substantially exceeds the gain in the industry.
In conclusion (得出结论) , as the economic development aims at making our life better, we cannot sacrifice our health for short-term financial benefits. If we have to spend more and more money providing medical services for those who suffer from smoking-related illnesses, the notion of promoting economy via（通过）tobacco production is not justifiable（站得住脚的，有道理的）. It is high time that we fought for the total tobacco ban（禁令）. —虚拟语气—
好的议论文在列出观点前一般都有一个段首句，用段首句统领下面的观点。
弊大于利：more disadvantages than advantagesthreatens to do more harm than good
烟草公司之所以还坚持生产烟草，无非认为为政府纳税，并且每年雇用大批劳动力。
常用于图表作文中，意思是根据调查，根据统计。survey 表示调查，相当于 investigation
也可以替换为： according to the statistics(根据统计数据)
according to the figures(根据数字，数据) according to the data(根据数字，数据)
句型: the fact that……suggest that……
或者:the fact that……implies that……即透过表面,挖掘实质。
the fact that……indicates that……
浪费: waste; is lost; is extremely wasteful of
技巧:动词变成词组例如：very important--be of great importance
emphasize--put emphasis on
观念，观点: notion;口语中一般用：view; point; opinion;
写到最后一段时，为了丰富句型，我们可以用：
倒装句：Only in this way can we……Only in this way can we……
强调句：It is ……that……It is in this way that……
虚拟语气：It is high time that we did sth.

表格题：table
题目是：西安市民的日用花销统计，横向是年份，纵向分别是：食物，衣服，娱乐以及其他和总数。
提纲:三个方面: 一. 描述变化(describe the changes)。
 二. 变化原因(the reasons for the changes)。
 三. 预测未来。
难点：因为表格题的数据过多，我们应该有意识的选取典型的数据。
选取的策略：首尾呼应，只找起点和终点的数据，再分析数据的增减变化。在写作中把变化趋势点到为止就可以了。

范文：
What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place in the people's daily expenses in Xi'an from 1995 to 1999.（点出起点和终点心） The expenses on food have declined by 30%（减少了30%）while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%. The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to one another.
There are two factors accounting for these changes. Development in economy is an essential one in the five years. The increased income resulting from economic growth plays an important part in the less expense on food. Hence, a small percentage of total income is enough to cover food expense. Another one is the changes in life style. When foods presents no worry to the average, people begin to focus more of interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result of such a shift, spending on clothing and recreation increased year after year.
From the analyses made above, we may come to the conclusion that people's living standards in Xi'an have been constantly improved between 1995 and 1999. With the further growth in economy and more changes in life style, the tendency indicated in the table will continue in the table will continue in the better direction.

What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place：以上的图表可以看出大幅度的变化.
分别的,各自的：respectivelyrespected; respectful; respectable;respective
(已经)受到了尊敬：respected; 怀有敬意的：respectful; 值得尊敬的：respectable;
The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation起伏升降的数据统计
isolation孤立,隔绝but closely related to one another但是却密切相关
The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to one another.这些数据似乎是孤立存在的，但是却密切相关。
analysis单数是analysis些复数是analyses
我们可以得出结论：in our opinion; as far as we are concerned; we may come to the conclusion
趋势：tendency固定搭配：朝着……方向：in……direction
朝着越来越好的方向：in the better direction 朝着越来越差的方向：in the worse direction
图表作文的关键还在于第二段和第三段。第二段应该透过表面抓本质，第三段提出建议，预测未来。

第二类作文：情景作文
情景作文如果是英语情景是不能照搬的，要用英语同义词，相关词改造情景语言。甚至它主动句，我则被动句；它肯定句，我则双重否定句。通过多种方式，改造情景语言。
情景作文如果是英语情景是不能照搬的，要用英语同义词，相关词改造情景语言。甚至它主动句，我则被动句；它肯定句，我则双重否定句。通过多种方式，改造情景语言。汉语的如何去做？如果是汉语情景，策略是翻译加分配原则。合理使用它的语言和信息，要 努力做到能充分利用。这叫情景语言的充分利用。

目前我国高考竞争愈演愈烈。每年考生人数近300万，而录取率在40%以下，多数考生肯定要落选。这给考生、考生的家庭和学校，乃至整个社会，都造成了很大的压力，引发了一些社会问题。（这是说的现状。能不能写到第1段作为现状说明呢？）此外，不同类型或特点的考生用同一模式和难度的试卷，有欠公允；三天的考试成绩便决定一个人的未来命运，亦不够合理。（这是指高考弊端的两个方面或者说是改革的原因所在，写到第二段。）如何解决这些问题，改革现行的高考制度？我的意见是…。（以后写作文，需要写解决办法时，如果第二段能说出弊端一二三，到第三段写建议时就一个一个扭转趋势。）
Statistics show that no more than 40% of people who take the college entrance exams pass. Because a college education is regarded as the key to a successful career, this puts enormous pressure on the applicants. It also causes social problems, as those who fail consider that they have disgraced their families.
It seems to me that the exams are unfair, for three reasons: First, applicants with different abilities are faced with the same type of exam paper, second, the results of a mere three days of examination affect the applicant's whole future; and third, applicants who can afford private tutors usually score higher marks than those who are poorer, but perhaps more intelligent.
To improve the system of college entrance exams, I suggest the following steps: the exam papers should be graded to take into account the different levels of ability and the different backgrounds of the applicants; in addition to the actual exam, a complete assessment of the applicant's educational achievements should be made; and tutoring in examination techniques should be made available to all.