北京新东方学校 李玉技
完形填句（段）是2005年新增加题型，许多同学对这种新题型感到比较陌生，特写此文与广大学员商榷与探讨。
一、大纲要求
1篇文章(500-600词)，测试文章结构，共10分，该节共5题，主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的整体和微观结构。
二、出题形式以及特点
1．出题位置
① 句子(段首,段中,段尾 ,缺1句或1个以上的句子)
② 段落(一般是一段)
该节分为两个部分：主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词，其中有5段空白处—空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段未，但不会是文章的第一句，一般情况下也不会是最后一句。选项部分为6或7文字，每段可能是一个句子，可能是两三个短句，也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5段空白处。
2 出题数量
非等额选项（题目5道，6-7个选项）
3 测试重点
考生需要认真搞清楚主干内容和结构上的关系和布局，从而分辨出选项部分从结构和内容上看是属于文章的哪个部分，并可以与空白处的上下文有机地衔接起来。一般情况下不可能有特别明显的词汇、句子等语言方面的提示，也并不要求考生过分关注某一具体的细节；而是要着眼于全文，在理解全文内容、文章结构、逻辑关系（如时间、地点、因果关系、从属关系等）的基础之上方能做出正确选择。
三、文章的结构
1描述性结构(主要介绍事物 、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往是出题重点)
2释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述)
3比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比)
4原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的)
5驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点，危害性，最后阐明自己的观点)。
以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完型填句（段）题型的出题原则。
四、完形填句（段）题解题步骤
1阅读文章题目附近的句子，锁定目标答案可能的特征
2阅读选择项，寻找特征词
特征词：代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等
3回头再去看原文，明确1—5位置
①开头常是主题句，不行再看前和尾
②中间不忘主题句，前瞻后望找启示
③ 末尾常是下结论，也可排比和例子
4 用代入法通读全文，检查答案是否合理
五、完形填句（段）题的解题技巧
1就近原则寻找信息线索
2选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。
3选项中出现代词时，往往该选项往往不能放在首句，往往要注意指代成立的条件。
it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；
they或them指代前面的复数名词；
one指代前面的单数可数名词；
that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；
this指代前面的单数名词或句子
4绝对常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心
5警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案
6选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是选项
7总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文
8 完形填句题常考的逻辑关系词
并列和递进关系
①标志词
and, indeed,also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too
②前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性
转折或让步的对立关系
①标志词
but, yet, however, although, though, while, wheras, despite, by contrast, on the contrary
②前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，往往出现以下情况
a：褒贬对立
b：句式结构对立，前肯后否、前否后肯
例证关系
①标志词 ：for example, for instance.
for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, that is, namely, verify
②出题模式
a:总结说明例子(例证)，总结说明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词；
for example, for in stance 此时前面往往有复数名词或表述概念句子
b:例子(例证)总结说明，总结说明提前往往伴有提示词：
thus ,therefore, in conclusion, as a result
定义关系
①有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句，所以放段首或段尾
②下定义的方式有：
a：判断句：A is B
b：名词(被定义对象)+定语从句(定义内容)
c：名词 +同位语
d：名词+be called+名词
e：by+名词(被定义对象)+be meant + 名词(定义内容)
③下定义时所伴随的过度词：
namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather
9放在段首的句子的特点
①当选项或某段段首会含有between…and ,either…or, not only…but also；
②复数名词时，那么该段将是总分结构，其中提到的名词可能定是线索；
③会有标点符号：或；
10放在段尾的句子有时也会有提示词：
①因果连词therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence
②总结性连词in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word
③转折性连词but, nevertheless
六 完形填句（段）通用的解题方法
1 主旨解题法
2 同现关系
3 复现关系
4 逻辑关系与解题法
5 数单词个数解题法
第一篇（样题）
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now .
41) Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42)____Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.
43) There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44)____Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast .
45)____ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals though now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings .
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on land and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the air .
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world .
[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks .
[F]When an animal dies ,the body ,its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved .
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks .Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form .
本篇介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构的脉络清晰：首先介绍什么是史前动物和我们研究史前动物的依据——化石，以及化石形成的过程。随后，作者即按照动物进化的顺序——我们可以见到其化石的最早的动物，水生壳类动物，脊椎类动物——逐一加以介绍。
41．文章一开始，作者告诉我们，早在人类出现以前地球上就许多物种，现在有些物种的后代依然生存，而另外一些则没有留下后裔。在本题空白处后面文章又说岩石上偶尔会留下数百万年前就死掉了的动物精确的印记。显然，空白处应该是关于岩石与灭绝了的动物之间的关系（7个选项中有A﹑B﹑E﹑G四项提到了“rock”,但另外大三项意思上不符）。此外，空白处前面的“extinct”和“no descendant”均为否定意义和表达，而空白处的后面“accurate”和“much”则为肯定意义的表达；这意味着空白处的内容应该有一个结构上的“转折—只有B项符合这一条件。所以正确答案只能是B。
42．本题具有相当的难度。由于G项一开始就有“how fossils ate preserved” ,与上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是G项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织“organism”可能转达化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们“Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用—与上下文相符合。
43．本题选择的线索有两条：下文中有“There were also crab-like creatures …’,空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级高级变化（进化）中的动物。E项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found…”,符合文章写作的顺序。B项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。
44．本题选择的主要根据是：下文一开始就有“Of these,…”,也就是说，空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，答案只能是A。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的复，作者改变句子起始的模式—这种做法很多见，因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。
45．从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段，动物都在不断的进化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有C项符合这一条件；同时，“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有C项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是C。
（解释的资料来源于全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试分析）
第二篇
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
English has become the world’s number one language in the 20th century. In every country where English is not the native language，especially in the Third World，people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities，if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries. 41) .
42)____.Nonetheless，a world full of different languages will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education，trade and even politics continues. 43)
The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper education. According to many studies，only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction（English）as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English，they are already knowledgeable. 44)___ _
All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development activities，including education. From a psychological point of view，those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view，the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start. 45)___ _
There is nothing wrong，however，in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education. But the best thing to do is to have a good education in one’s native language first，then go abroad to have a university education in a foreign language.
[A] If this situation continues，the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations. This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities，particularly as a medium of instruction in schools.
[B] Those who are taught in a foreign language from the start will tend to be imitators and lack self-confidence. They will tend to rely on foreign consultants.
[C] Suppose you work in a big firm and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign businessmen. Now you are looking for a place where you can improve your English，especially your spoken English.
[D] But many people are concerned that English’s dominance will destroy native languages.
[E] These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages. If these leaders deliver speeches anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well. The citizens of their countries do not understand their leaders’ speeches because they are made in a foreign language.
[F] Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers. You may find the information you need.
[G] A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English. For example，it has wiped out Hawaiian，Welsh，Scotch Gaelic，Irish，native American languages，and many others. Luckily，some of these languages are now being revived，such as Hawaiian and Welsh，and these languages will live again，hopefully，if dedicated people continue their work of reviving them.
第三篇
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
In 1959 the average American family paid ＄989 for a year’s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid＄1，311.That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?
Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables，fruit，meat，eggs，and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S.Department of Agriculture，the farmer’s share of the＄1，311spent by the family in 1972 was ＄521.This was 31 per cent more than the farmer had received in1959.
But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers，meat packers，manufacturers of packages and other food containers，and the owners of stores where food is sold. 41) .
Of the ＄1，311family food bill in1972，middlement received＄790，which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959.It appears that the middlemen’s profit has increased more than farmer’s. But some economists claim that the middleman’s actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank，the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. 42)____.
43)
Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners” are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals，consisting of meat，vegetables，and sometimes desert，all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 44)____.
Economists remind us that many modern housewives have jobs outside the home.They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day’s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family’s table easily and quickly. 45)____
It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one.Producers，consumers，and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs.
[A] Thus，as economists point out: “Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods，which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor’s plant.”
[B] They are among the “middlemen” who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?
[C] “If the housewife wants all of these. ”the economists say，“that is her privilege，but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier.”
[D] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives，but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don’t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.
[E] However，some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control，the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord（房主）can charge for an apartment.
[F] Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on
the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.
[G] By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.
第四篇
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel association, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers.
41) They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. 42）
Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. 43)
Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. 44)
45) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.
[A] The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers including car-rental and sight-seeing services.
[B] They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.
[C] Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns.
[D] As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.
[E] Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.
[F] In This way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel---Planes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.
[G]Consequently, the agencies started to pay more attention to the comfort of travel.
第五篇
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”.
The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. 41)
Some 20,000 tons antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. 42)
Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. 43)
With millions of tons animals manure spread onto fields of cops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten.44)
Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides.45) This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.
There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and broken down by conventional sewage treatment.
练习：
[A] They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water. His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs.
[B] And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says.
[C] Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.
[D] But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.
[E] His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed.
[F] They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.
[G] There is no doubt that the food and drink is always important to the health.
第六篇
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won’t stay American. no matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it’s soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal.
One theory is that is has been “advertised” and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television.41)____They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries.
Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called “the spirit of America.” 42)____
The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.
Regardless of why its spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. 43)____ Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own.
Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time. When T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so : those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. 44)____.
The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American ,it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock “n” roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being “low-class,” and then as “a danger to our nation’s youth.” 45)____ And then the music became accepted and was extended and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.
[A] As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. “happy birthday to you,” for instance ,is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak , is not remembered.
[B] But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television, programs are so popular in themselves.
[C] American in origin, informal clothing has become the world’s first truly universal style.
[D] The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962.
[E] American food has become popular around the world too.
[F] This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.
[G] It is hardly surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of the their culture.
第七篇：
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as “Person of the Century” by Time magazine on Sunday.
A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.
“The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological-----technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science, ” wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein’s significance. 41)____
Time chose as runner—up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism ,and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.
“What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom’s fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individual struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom,” said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.
Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. 42)___ He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.
In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. 43)____ Everything else –---mass, weight, space, even time itself----is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared ---E=mc2
44)____
45)____Einstein did not work on the project.
Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.
练习:
[A] “Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,” Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time’s choices. ‘‘There was less faith in absolutes, not of time and space but also of truth and morality.” Einstein’s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did.
[B] How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public’s view about Albert Einstein.
[C] “Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.”
[D] Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the “Manhattan Project ” that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.
[E] In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school.
[F] In his “Special Theory of Relativity, ” Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.
[G]It is said that Einstein’s success lies in the fact that few people can understand his theories.
第八篇
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr.Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact: The first four minutes”, he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: “41)
A lot of people’s whole lives would change if they did just that.”
You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met.42) If anyone has ever done this to you probably did not like him very much.
When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves.”
On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes.
Hearing such advice, one might say, “But I’m not a friendly, self-confident person. That’s not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way.”
43) “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one.”
But isn’t it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don’t actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr.Zunin, ”total honesty” is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one’s health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one’s opinions and impressions.
44)
The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathermatics.45) That is at least as important as how much we know.
练习：
[A] In reply, Dr.Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. We can become accustomed to any change we choose to make in our personality.
[B] Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr.Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.
[C] In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.
[D] Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.
[E] He keeps looking over the other person’s shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.
[F] He is eager to make friends with everyone.
[G] It is also noticed that eye-contact shows something special related to the friendship.
第九篇
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political risk and foreign exchange risk.
41) They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. Their major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.42) Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. 43) The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.
Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses.44)
Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.
Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects.45) Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.
练习：
[A] Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.
[B] One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.
[C] Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.
[D] The distributor tested the shipment and declared in to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.
[E] Floating exchange rates of the world’s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter to 1981.
[F] Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.
[G] Anyone who gets into the stock market can not gloss over the risk brought by the political change.
第十篇
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobody’s going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information,” Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. 41)_____
A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. 42)_____
As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. 43)_____
Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers form within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centers, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. 44)_____ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer suffers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates.
45)_____
练习：
[A] He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.
[B] By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones: nearly one for every two people.
[C] “If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be decided,” he said.
[D] Then who finances the research? According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects.
[E] For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community. The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.
[F]The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.
[G]The mobile phone also causes a lot of problems while offering people great convenience.
第十一篇
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases, designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image.
41)_____ Since public relations involves communications with stockholders, financial analysts, government officials, and other noncustomer groups, it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department of consultant will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts. 42)_____Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix.
43)___Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department, as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising. 44)____
The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function, whether within the company or an outside firm, can take care of public image problems and opportunities. 45)____ Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions.
练习：
[A] Publicity may be in the form of news that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department.
[B ] Furthermore, not all publicity is initiated by the firm; some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised.
[C] Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm, usually in the form of press releases or press conferences.
[D] Many factors impact on the public image. Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business, such as its product quality, the servicing and handling of complaints, and the tenor of the advertising.
[E] It surely causes heavy losses to the company.
[F] Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences.
[G] The public relations, in fact, is developing some new relative concept in the past few years.
答案：
第一篇：41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C 第二篇：41.D 42.G 43.A 44.E 45.B
第三篇：41.B 42.G 43.D 44.A 45.C 第四篇：41.C 42.B 43.F 44.E 45.A
第五篇：41.E 42.D 43.B 44.F 45.A 第六篇：41.B 42.F 43. A 44.C 45.D
第七篇：41.C 42.E 43.F 44.A 45.D 第八篇：41.D 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.C
第九篇：41.C 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.E 第十篇：41.C 42. B 43.E 44. A 45. D
第十一篇：41.C 42. F 43.A 44.B 45.D
