Unit 25


Jim Boon is a hybrid kind of guy. He drives a Toyota hybrid to work, a Honda hybrid on weekends and, as a manager for Seattle public transit he recently placed the world's largest order for hybrid electric buses.

Now, with the biggest hybrid-bus fleet in the world, Seattle has become the main testing ground for a technology that claims it can drastically cut air pollution and fuel consumption. In the 1990s, demo fleets of 35 buses or fewer started cropping up in cities such as Tempe, Ariz. Sixteen of these early hybrids still service Genoa, Italy, where drivers switch from diesel to electric power when passing the city's downtown architectural treasures. But no city has gone as far as Seattle, which last year bought 235 GM hybrid buses at $645,000 a pop. When the final one rolls out this December, the region's bus system will be 15 percent hybrid.

But why Seattle, and why now? The Pacific Northwest has long been a hotbed of both Green politics and cutting-edge technology. Fourteen years ago the Seattle area bought 236 Italian-made Breda buses to service a mile-long downtown tunnel. They were supposed to operate as clean electric trolleys underground, but the switching mechanism often failed and “the bus drove through the tunnel as a diesel,”says Boon. “It was pretty loud and smoky.”

When the Bredas hit retirement age in 2002, Boon went shopping. He chose the GM buses because they use an automatic transmission and diesel boosters that provide power to scale inclines without strain. In hilly Seattle, the prospect of a hybrid that could climb like a diesel but accelerate without belching black fumes helped justify a price $200,000 higher than that of a regular bus. “The days of seeing a diesel pull away and pour out smoke are over,”says Boon. “After we drove these hybrid buses across the country, I wiped a handkerchief inside the tailpipe. It came out spotless.”

Experts say buses are critical to realizing the hybrid dream of greater efficiency and cleaner air. It would take thousands of hybrid cars to save as many gallons of gas (750,000) as Boon expects his buses to save Seattle each year. GM claims that compared with conventional diesels, its new buses also churn out 90 percent less particulate matter——a known carcinogen. “Buses are a major source of pollution in any city,”says Dave Kircher of the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency. “They operate where people are breathing this exhaust, so this is a major step forward in terms of emissions.”

And a major step forward in the marketplace: Philadelphia; Honolulu; Long Beach, Calif., and Albuquerque, N.M., have all bought the GM buses in recent months. GM is now touting itself in ads as the top hybrid-bus innovator, but Siemens is among the global giants dueling GM for new business, and New York plans to deploy 325 BAE Systems hybrids by 2006. “There's room for competition,”says James Cannon, editor of Hybrid Vehicles Newsletter. Seems Seattle isn't the only city trying to leave grunge behind.

注（1）：本文选自Newsweek；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为2004年真题Text 1。

1. How does Genoa protect its architectural treasures?

A) Follow Seattle's steps to reduce pollution.

B) Forbid cars driven by diesel to pass them.

C) Shift the power of the hybrids when crossing.

D) Reduce the number of the buses crossing there.

2. Which of the following can be the main advantage of hybrid bus?

A) Cutting air pollution and fuel consumption.

B) Producing less smoke and noise.

C) Owning strong switching mechanism.

D) Producing less dangerous matter.

3. The expression “churn out”（Line 4, Paragraph 5) most probably means______.

A) increase

B) destroy

C) reduce

D) produce

4. Why are buses critical to realizing the hybrid dream of higher efficiency and cleaner air?

A) Buses are a major source of pollution.

B) A single bus saves much more gas than a single car.

C) Buses are more important than private cars in terms of transportation.

D) Both A and B.

5. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A) Many cities plan to buy GM buses.

B) GM buses have the incomparable advantages over other buses.

C) There is severe competition in the field of hybrid vehicles.

D) The best way to keep the city clean is to buy hybrid buses.





篇章剖析


本文采用的是提出问题——分析问题的模式，指出混合动力公交车的优点，并分析了西雅图为什么会成为世界上拥有这种汽车最多的城市。第一段介绍了西雅图公共交通系统经理吉姆·布恩；第二段指出西雅图是世界上拥有混合动力公交车最多的城市；第三段和第四段分析了为什么会是西雅图这座城市，而且又是现在购买这么多通用公司生产的公交车的原因；第五段介绍了混合动力公交车同柴油机车相比的性能优点；第六段介绍了其市场经营情况。





词汇注释


hybrid /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ n. 杂种；混血儿；混合物adj. 混合的；杂种的

place an order for sth. 定购某物

drastically /ˈdræstɪkli/ adv. 激烈地，彻底地

demo /ˈdeməʊ/ n. 〈口〉示范，示范产品

crop up 突然出现

diesel /ˈdiːz(ə)l/ n. 柴油机

a pop每个，各

roll out 铺开；碾平；滔滔不绝地说出；〈口〉大量生产

hotbed /ˈhɒtbed/ n. 温床

cutting-edge /ˌkʌtɪŋˈedʒ/ adj. 尖端的，先进的

trolley /ˈtrɒli/ n. 电车

accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/ v. 加速，促进

belch /beltʃ/ v. 打嗝；（火山、炮等）冒烟，喷出

tailpipe /ˈteɪlpaɪp/ n. 【汽】排气管

churn out 粗制滥造出；大量产出

carcinogen /kɑːˈsɪnədʒ(ə)n/ n. 致癌物质

exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/ n. 废气

tout /taʊt/ v. 吹捧

duel /ˈdjuːəl; (US)ˈduːəl/ v. 决斗

deploy /dɪˈplɔɪ/ v. 展开，配置

grunge /grʌndʒ/ n. 〈美俚〉蹩脚货，难看的东西，乏味的东西





难句突破


In hilly Seattle, the prospect of a hybrid that could climb like a diesel but accelerate without belching black fumes helped justify a price $200,000 higher than that of a regular bus.

主体句式：The prospect helped justify a price.

结构分析：本句的主语是the prospect of a hybrid，之后跟的是由that引导的定语从句来修饰a hybrid。在这个定语从句中，climb和accelerate都是谓语动词。help是主句谓语，后面跟to do sth.，其中to常被省略。$200,000 higher than that of a regular bus修饰a price，其中that指代的是price。

句子译文：在多山的西雅图，能够像柴油机（车）那样上下行驶，加速时又不冒黑烟的混合动力车，其售价比普通汽车高出200,000美元还是合理的。





题目分析


1. C 细节题。原文对应信息是：Sixteen of these early hybrids still service Genoa, Italy, where drivers switch from diesel to electric power when passing the city's downtown architectural treasures.

2. A 细节题。原文对应信息是第二段第一句话a technology that claims it can drastically cut air pollution and fuel consumption。第五段第一句话Experts say buses are critical to realizing the hybrid dream of greater efficiency and cleaner air.又进一步印证了这一点。

3. D 语义题。本段的主题句是Experts say buses are critical to realizing the hybrid dream of greater efficiency and cleaner air.其中已经介绍过了高功效，接下来要介绍清洁系数高。churn out所在的句子是在说明这种新型公交车在减少大气污染方面的优良性能，根据语境可猜出词组的含义。

4. D 细节题。原文第五段中的hybrid dream意为“混合梦想”，即指下文提到的“节能清洁”的双重目标。可见答案为D。

5. C 细节题。本段指出虽然美国通用汽车公司自诩是最棒的混合动力公共汽车的改革者，但是通用在这一市场中做的并不是独家生意，也还存在着激烈的竞争，其中主要竞争对手是劲敌西门子公司，而且纽约作为一大客户，订购谁家的尚未可知，由此选C。





参考译文


吉姆·布恩是个对混合事物情有独钟的人。他上班开丰田混合动力车，周末开本田混合动力车。作为西雅图公共交通系统的一位经理，他最近订购了世界上最大一批混合电力公交车。

现在，拥有世界上最大的混合动力公交车队的西雅图已经成为一块试验田，用来检测这项混合动力车技术究竟能否大幅度降低空气污染和燃料消耗。在20世纪90年代，诸如亚利桑那州滕比这样的城市就曾有过接近35辆这样的示范车。这些早年的混合动力车至今仍有16辆服务于意大利的热那亚。在热那亚，途经城市市区的建筑瑰宝时，司机就会把柴油动力转换成电力动力。但是没有哪座城市的做法赶得上西雅图，去年它以每辆645,000美元的价格购买了235辆美国通用汽车公司生产的混合动力公共汽车。今年12月，当最后一辆车生产出来的时候，该地区的公交系统中混合动力车将占到15%。

可为什么是西雅图？而且为什么又是现在呢？美国太平洋西北部长期以来一直是绿色政治和尖端科技产生的摇篮。14年前，西雅图地区曾购买了236辆意大利制造的布雷达公共汽车，用于一英里长的市区隧道中。本指望能把它们当作洁净的电力有轨地下电车，但是车上的转换装置经常出毛病，“而且汽车在穿越隧道时就像是辆柴油机，”布恩说，“噪音太大，烟雾太多。”

2002年，当布雷达汽车到了“退休”的年龄时，由布恩进行新的采购。他之所以选择美国通用汽车是因为他们使用的是自动转换装置和用来爬斜坡不费力的柴油推进器。在多山的西雅图，能够像柴油机（车）那样上下行驶，加速时又不冒黑烟的混合动力车，其售价比普通汽车高出200,000美元还是合理的。“看着柴油机冒着黑烟开走的日子终于结束了，”布恩说，“我们开车驶过乡村，用手绢擦拭排气管的内部可以发现手绢一尘不染。”

专家认为公共汽车是实现提高功效和净化空气双赢的关键。按照布恩的预计，上千辆混合动力小汽车节省下来的汽油（750,000加仑）才和公共汽车每年为西雅图节省的汽油一样多。美国通用汽车公司声称，他们的这种新型汽车产生的一种已知致癌物比传统柴油机（车）排出的少90%。“公共汽车在任何一座城市里都是主要的污染源，”普吉特海湾清洁空气监测站的戴夫·奇瑟说，“汽车一开动，人们就开始在呼吸这种废气。因此这是在汽车排放物方面迈出的重要一步。”

这类车在市场方面的进展也向前迈出了重要的一步：最近几个月，费城、火奴鲁鲁、长堤、加州和新墨西哥州的阿尔伯克基都购买了通用生产的公共汽车。现在，通用汽车公司在广告中把自己吹嘘成最棒的混合动力公共汽车的改革者，但是与通用公司竞争这一新生意的还有全球性的大公司——西门子；纽约计划到2006年配备325辆BAE系统的混合动力车。“这还有得争。”《混合动力机动车时事通讯》的编辑詹姆士·坎农如是说。看来好像不只西雅图一座城市想要远离肮脏。





Unit 26


The idea that corporations bear a responsibility that stretches beyond their shareholders is not new. Many companies in the 19th century built special housing for their employees in the belief that a well-housed employee was more productive than one living in a dump. In the early years of the 20th century, Theodore Roosevelt, then president of the United States, said, “Corporations are indispensable instruments of our modern civilization; but I believe that they should be so supervised and so regulated that they shall act for the interests of the community as a whole.”He introduced antitrust legislation and rules on health and safety, and on working hours.

In 1987, Adrian Cadbury, head of the Eponymous chocolate firm, wrote in Harvard Business Review: the possibility that ethical and commercial considerations will conflict has always faced those who run companies. It is not a new problem. The difference now is that a more widespread and critical interest is being taken in our decisions and in the ethical judgments which lie behind them.

The debate then focused on how much of Roosevelt's supervision and regulation was needed to make sure that corporations act sufficiently in the interests of the wider community. Extreme free-marketers say all that is required to ensure the responsible behavior of corporations is transparency about their affairs. Corporations will then behave responsibly towards the wider community without any coercion because it is in their own best interests. “Being good”, said Anita Roddick, founder of an “ethical”cosmetics firm, The Body Shop, “is good business.”In the United States, the Better Business Bureau goes further and argues that unethical business is bad for business as a whole, not just for individual firms.

The recent debate about corporate social responsibility (CSR) has focused on three main areas:

● The environment. This has stretched way beyond the simple demand that companies stop belching smoke out of factory chimneys to a demand that they control their appetite for natural resources——for bits of Brazilian rain forest, for example, or for the skins of rare animals. The organized hostility to such behavior has forced companies to change. For example, suppliers frightened by the venom of the anti-fur lobby felt compelled to boast: “Make no mistake; all our furs are fake.”

● Exploitation. The second strand is the exploitation of workers, especially of women in the developed world and of children in the developing world. There is a feeling that globalization has increased the power of multinationals to exploit the poor and underpaid, at the same time as it has weakened the influence of trade unions and other organizations designed to protect them.

● Bribery and corruption. The third strand focuses on corruption, in particular on the question of what constitutes a bribe (when does generous corporate hospitality step over the line?), and what protections should be given to whistleblowers (employees or other insiders who report corporate misdeeds）. Here there is a strong cultural element to confuse the issue. What constitutes bribery in western countries, for example, may not be considered such in regions such as the Middle East.

注（1）：本文选自Economist；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为2004年真题Text 1。

1. What was Theodore Roosevelt's view on corporate social responsibility (CSR）?

A) He thought that corporations should be able to fulfill CSR for their own interests.

B) He insisted that CSR meant all employees should be treated equally.

C) He believed that the fulfillment of CSR must rely on government.

D) He suspected that CSR would violate corporations' own benefit.

2. Which of the following is NOT an aspect relevant to CSR?

A) Governmental regulation.

B) Ethics.

C) Transparency.

D) Community responsibility.

3. The expression “Being good”（Line 5, Paragraph 3) most probably means______.

A) producing quality products

B) maintaining profitable business

C) being conscious of community

D) being socially accountable

4. The debate about CSR in the three main areas reveals that______.

A) companies' environmental protection measures should focus on factory chimneys

B) a better understanding of the best CSR practices requires a thorough comprehension of various cultures

C) globalization is by nature against the promotion of CSR

D) CSR makes it more difficult to bribe in a decent way

5. What can we infer from the text?

A) CSR is a recent concept, emerging from the 20th century.

B) Theodore Roosevelt was the first US president who was concerned with CSR.

C) CSR is not only beneficial to individual companies, but the entire business sphere.

D) Trade unions are equally powerful in developed and developing countries.





篇章剖析


本文主要讨论企业的社会责任问题（即CSR）。第一段介绍了历史上对企业社会责任问题的看法，主要是罗斯福总统采取的一些措施；第二段承上启下，自然过渡到如今企业社会责任的新变化；第三段至文章最后概述了目前关于企业社会责任这个概念的争论及其所涉及的主要方面。





词汇注释


dump /dʌmp/ n. 脏乱的地方

indispensable /ˌɪndɪsˈpensəbl/ adj. 必不可少的，必需的

supervise /ˈsjuːpəvaɪz/ v. 监督，管理，指导

antitrust /ˌæntɪˈtrʌst/ adj. 反托拉斯的，反垄断的

legislation /ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃən/ n. 制定法律，立法

transparency /trænsˈpærənsi/ n. 透明，透明度

coercion /kəʊˈəːʃən/ n. 强迫，胁迫

belch /beltʃ/ v. 喷出，喷射

venom /ˈvenəm/ n. 怨恨，愤恨

strand /strænd/ n. （构成整体的）一个组成部分

multinational /ˈmʌltɪˈnæʃənl/ n. 跨国公司

bribery /ˈbraɪbəri/ n. 行贿，受贿

constitute /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/ v. 构成，组成





难句突破


This has stretched way beyond the simple demand that companies stop belching smoke out of factory chimneys to a demand that they control their appetite for natural resources——for bits of Brazilian rain forest, for example, or for the skins of rare animals.

主体句式：This has stretched way beyond…to…

结构分析：本句的难点在于stretch beyond…to…这个结构。beyond的宾语the simple demand又跟了一个that引导的定语从句，to后面的宾语是a demand，也跟了一个that引导的同语从句来进一步说明，最后破折号后面的内容是对the appetite for natural resources的补充说明。

句子译文：这不仅仅是要求企业停止用烟囱排烟，还要求它们控制其对自然资源的掠夺，例如巴西的热带雨林，或者稀有动物的皮。





题目分析


1. C 细节题。文章第一段西奥多·罗斯福说：“企业是现代文明进程中不可或缺的工具，但是我认为必须对其加以监管，使其为整个社会的利益服务”，也就是说他认为企业必须要有政府的监督，才能履行社会责任，因此C为正确选项。选项A的含义与之相反，选项B和D在文中均没有对应信息，因此都是错误的。

2. A 细节题。第三段开头指出“人们争论的焦点在于，要确保企业充分地为整个社会谋利，罗斯福所提出的监管有多大必要。”因此可见政府规定并不属于CSR的一个方面，而是一个外在因素。B、C、D三个选项在第二、三段均有提及。

3. D 语义题。本文主要谈的是企业如何对社区和社会尽到社会责任，因此安妮塔·罗迪克说的good business指的就是负责任的企业，因此D是最佳答案。C选项具有一定迷惑性，但是仅仅有社区意识是不够的，企业需要用实际行动去履行自己的责任，因此该选项不正确。

4. B 细节题。文章最后一段指出“在西方国家被认定为贿赂的行为在中东地区或许是合情合理的。”可见要更好地实践CSR还需要理解不同文化，因此B是正确答案。文章倒数第三段指出“这不仅仅是要求企业停止用烟囱排烟，还要求制约对自然资源的掠夺，例如巴西的热带雨林，或者稀有动物的皮。”而A选项说，环境保护措施应侧重于工厂的烟囱，这显然是不正确的。倒数第二段指出“人们觉得全球化助长了跨国公司剥削穷困工人的势力，同时也削弱了工会和其他为保护员工权益而设立的组织的影响力。”可见这里仅仅是一个猜测，选项C用了by nature是不对的。D选项的说法本身错误。