\[E\] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea。

　　\[F\] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form。

　　\[G\] From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago。

　　Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

　　It is hard to get a grip on food. The UN's World Health Organisation worries about diminishing supplies and increased prices in poor countries; recent riots and near-riots in Haiti, Bangladesh and Egypt were sparked by the growing cost of wheat and rice. But, as Paul Roberts observes in “The End of Food”， the developed world has lived through “a near miraculous period during which the things we ate seemed to grow only more plentiful, more secure, more nutritious, and simply better。” 46. In the second half of the 20th century, world output of corn, wheat and cereal crops more than tripled. Yet there is not enough to feed the rich, the aspirational and the poor in the world. A golden age has been transformed quite suddenly into a global crisis。

　　Mr Roberts insists that modern agribusiness is unsustainable and becoming more so. “Precisely at the moment in history when we need to shift our system of food production into overdrive, our agricultural engine is breaking down,” he says. The industry has taken cheap oil for granted. Oil fuels transportation and farm machinery, and natural gas is the basis of synthetic nitrogen production (prices have tripled since 2002). Agriculture accounts for three-quarters of freshwater use, and water is becoming an increasingly scarce and expensive resource. Climate change makes some old assumptions about farming redundant. 47. A combination of these factors, he says, will ultimately force a complete rethinking of the way we make food。

　　For years government subsidies held down grain prices, making food cheaper. 48. Water was also plentiful — it takes 1,000 tonnes of water to produce a tonne of grain — and an ingenious process known as Haber-Bosch makes synthetic nitrogen fertiliser easily available to grain farmers. Ruthless price-cutting at supermarkets means consumers have grown accustomed to eating too much. (In the late 19th century, Europeans already thought Americans ate three or four times more than was necessary。) The most damaging consequence is that by 2000 31% of American adults were obese, with another 16% defined as overweight. American airlines spend $275 million a year more on fuel simply to lift the heavier passengers. Mr Roberts claims that every year obesity causes 400,000 premature deaths in America. Food has become as deadly as tobacco。

　　A fruitful start would be to halve the size of portions in all American restaurants, but most consumers are reluctant rethinkers. 49. Eating organic product could be a partial solution, although one study suggests that the cost of avoiding intensive farm chemicals would mean a 31% increase in food prices. Government scientists believe that genetically modified crops might be the only way out of the crisis, but a majority of consumers are reluctant to listen。

　　Is there a model for the future? 50. Fashionably, Mr. Roberts believes that a local system based on easily obtainable seasonal foods that do not need to be transported huge distances would form part of a solution. The economics and greenery of this are far from proven. Mr Roberts can find only one country that has made “serious efforts” in this direction: Cuba, hardly a comforting example. The coming food crisis, warns the author, is as intractable as global warming, and no less urgent。

　　Section III Writing

　　Part A

　　51. Directions:

　　One of your pen friends, John, will be visiting your city. However, for some reasons, you cannot meet him at the airport on time. Write a letter asking him to wait for you at the airport and tell him how to recognize you. Your letter should be no less than 100 words. You don't need to write the address. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Roger instead. (10 points)

　　Part B

　　52. Directions:

　　Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

　　1) describe the drawing；

　　2) interpret its meaning；

　　3) support your view with examples。

　　You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)

   考研2011考研英语最后点题第二套参考答案

　　Section IUse of English

　　【先睹为快】

　　1. D2. B3. A4. A5. C6. C7. A8. B9. B10. C

　　11. D12. D13. A14. A15. C16. B17. D18. C19. A20. B

　　【文章大意】

　　哈佛等私立大学虽然学费高昂，但是它们提出了一系列助学金政策来帮助中低收入家庭。哈佛宣布其政策之后，其他的私立学校也相继跟进，他们纷纷宣称学生不该因付不起学费而被迫往它处求学，并以此与公立学校竞争。他们还设立了一种大学收费模式——对富裕学生施行高收费，以此来帮助补贴较困难的以及不符合领取联邦津贴和政府贷款条件的家庭的学生。

　　【答案透析】

　　1. 【答案】 D。

　　形容词辨析，首先这里的主干部分是$46,000 is…，price是在破折号内的，因此可以把high排除掉。而再看后文里的奖助学金之类的政策，可以说这笔学费应该是很高的，而非合理的或便宜的，故选择expensive。

　　2. 【答案】 B。

　　既然前文提到这些学校的学费很贵，那么从逻辑上说进这些学校学费该是一个很大的障碍。而本句有一个转折，说明应当是没有障碍，因此选择no。

　　3. 【答案】 A。

　　首先本句的结构是一个让步的关系，即需要填入的这个动词的程度应当比or后面的成分更深。那么看or后面的slashed them deeply for needy students，为需要的学生大大降低了学费，那么可以推断出B项和C项不合适。而D项和A项相比，D项是普通意义上的减少，并不会比大大降低有多少程度上的递进，故选择A项。

　　4. 【答案】 A。

　　A项缓和，B项中止，C项加强，D项减少。结合这个动词的宾语sticker-shock，这是一个美国术语，直译是“标签震惊”，也就是看了标签上的价钱后震惊不已，形容定价太高。那么前述的减免学费政策自然应当是缓和这种震惊。C项在意思上肯定不对，B、D不适用于这种抽象性的对象。

　　5. 【答案】 C。

　　从后文看，耶鲁等大学也出台了相应的减免学费政策，那么应当是similar；前文并未提及哈佛的具体措施，所以same无从谈起。

　　6. 【答案】 C。

　　哈佛和耶鲁的关系，相提并论、相互竞争，乃至相互合作都是可以的。那么重点需要理解bitterest这个单词的修饰作用，bitter在这里是指显示出嫉妒、怨恨或失望的，因此结合选项，rival最为合适。

　　7. 【答案】 A。

　　结合文章主题是减免学费的高校财政支持政策，那么能够享受这些政策的应该是低收入家庭，所以是less than…。poorer than 后面的所比较对象不符合语法规范，故不选。

　　8. 【答案】 B。

　　根据后面的by 43%判断，expand和increase比较合适，enhance和elevate都不能在后面加上具体的百分比。而increase后面的宾语更多的是具体的数值，而不是仅仅一个budget，故expand最为合适。

　　9. 【答案】 B。

　　前文说哈佛也对年收入接近18万美元的家庭有相应的学费减免计划，如此一来，进入哈佛学习的学费将相应降低，那么这和州立大学的学费相比呢？一般来说哈佛等私立大学的学费会比公立大学的学费高，有了这个计划，则相应降低，故应当是comparable，可比较的，比得上的。

　　10. 【答案】 C。

　　take out是一个固定搭配，意为“获取，办理”。后文的动词为支付，则可以判断出是要通过借款或者打工来支付，take out part-time job不符合搭配，使用take part-time jobs即可。savings或work都不符合题意。

　　11. 【答案】 D。

　　A项charge一般指收费，B项一般指交通费，C项指付款、报酬，综合全文，都是在说学费，故选出D项。

　　12. 【答案】 D。

　　本文第一段说“And last month Harvard announced a new plan”，那么可以判断出这里指代前文哈佛的announcement；若选择implementation，由于本处并未提及该公告，故应当有implementation of…之类。policy会造成语义残缺，而adjustment并未在文中提及。

　　13. 【答案】 A。

　　本句是说任何获得入学许可的同学都不会因为无力负担学费而觉得该去其他地方。A项有压力的，语义合适；B项羞愧的，这不符合常识，或者说并非常态；C项不安全和D项不高兴在文中都未曾提及。

　　14. 【答案】 A。

　　本题要抓住后面的particularly state-run universities，前文说到哈佛和耶鲁之类的大学经过学费减免计划之后学费同公立大学差不多，那么这里结合选项，cheaper最为合适，more reasonable未有提及，public则意思不对，即previously public说明之前是公立，现在是私立了；better也未有提及。

　　15. 【答案】 C。

　　首先根据句意判断，哈佛耶鲁与公立学校竞争以招来更多的学生，这肯定是有积极意义的，所以像shrink和diminish这样的含有消极意义的词汇不符合题意。同时这个动词的宾语是reputation和figure，expand无法与reputation搭配，故选择C。

　　16. 【答案】 B。

　　此处的scheme指代前面各大高校的资助政策，后面是说分别收费有助于减少对联邦贷款的依赖，那么结合选项，应当是model最为合适。文中并未提及有关高校学费区分的困难及机会，故A项不选。disposition和location都不符合文意。

　　17. 【答案】 D。

　　既然对于学生的学费进行了区分收取，那么中低收入家庭所要负担的学费就较之前少一些，故可以不用再大规模地向联邦借贷。“The universities will also not require any student to take out loans to pay for their tuition”从这句话可以推断。故应该是依赖程度更低，故选D。

　　18. 【答案】 C。

　　A项打败，B项赢得，C项模仿，D项跟随。这里是说学费高昂但是财力并不雄厚的私立学校并不能轻松哈佛和耶鲁，文中并未提及相互竞争的内容，故A、B项错误。从全文来看应当是说他们也想引入区分收费的政策，所以应当是copy，选项follow应当为follow one's example方为合适，故选C。

　　19. 【答案】 A。

　　根据前文copy哈佛或耶鲁的表述，可以推断出他们也是要区分收费，那么便是pricing。

　　20. 【答案】 B。

　　这里前面是说公立大学，那么与之竞争的对应者应当是私立大学，那么应该是private counterparts，故选择B。

　　【难句聚焦】

　　1. Harvard and Yale are, after all, now likely to lure more students away from previously cheaper options, particularly state-run universities, enhancing their already impressive admissions figures and reputations。

　　【分析】主体结构是Harvard and Yale are now likely to lure…。After all作整句的状语。particularly后面这一部分作options的同位语，现在分词enhancing引导目的状语。

　　2. But America's state-run universities, which have traditionally kept their fees low and stable, might well try a differentiated pricing scheme as they raise cash to compete academically with their private counterparts。

　　【分析】主体结构是America's state-run universities might well try…。which引导一个非限制性定语从句。as引导一个原因状语从句。

　　Section IIReading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Text 1

　　【先睹为快】

　　21. C 22. D 23. B 24. A 25. C

　　【答案透析】

　　21. 【答案】 C。

　　本题需要仔细阅读第一段第二句“It provides more calories, more quickly, using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant”这便说的是马铃薯的特点。那么结合选项，A项的lower price文中没有提及，B项的less labor in processing未有提及，D项中的wider range of products to be made of也未有提及，故选C。

　　22. 【答案】 D。

　　求解本题需要找到“It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals, by helping to alleviate poverty, improve food security and promote economic development”。这一句有三层意思，一是让人们增进对马铃薯优点的了解，二是有助于减少贫困、提高食品安全性以及促进经济的发展，三是实现联合国的千年发展目标。第一层是活动本身的目的，第二层是手段，第三层是最终目标。而A、B项在文中都未有提及，故结合问题，D项最为合适。

　　23. 【答案】 B。

　　A项说马铃薯产量高，价格便宜，有力支持了工厂的工人，但文中并未有此表述，故不选。B项说使人们脱离了田地间的劳作，从而为工业提供了劳动力，这在第三段中可以找到对应的表述，故选。C项说改变了英国的农业结构，文中也没有表述。D项说提供更多的热量是正确的，但是提供更多的土地供棉花种植却并不正确。

　　24. 【答案】 A。

　　A项说是经过议会激烈辩论后被废除的，而在文中是说最终并不是口若悬河的辩论而是同情废止了《谷物法》，故答案选A项。B项说国内产品更贵，地主可以赚更多的钱，对应文中“廉价进口的谷物会降低他们的收益”。C项说进口谷物有助于他们开拓市场，这需要找到文中说的进口谷物“会降低食物价格，从而让人们在制造好的商品上花费更多”，这两者意思相同。D项则是第四段的最后两句的总结。

　　25. 【答案】 C。

　　本题求解在最后一段中的“They took hold in 18th-century Europe only when war and famine meant there was nothing else to eat; people then realised just how versatile and reliable they were”。A项文中没有提及，B项是马铃薯被欧洲人接受之后呈现的现象，C项则可以直接对应，D项文中也未有提及，故选择C。

　　【难句聚焦】

　　1. Unlikely though it seems, the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the industrial revolution in England in the 19th century。

　　【分析】本句主体结构是the potato promoted economic development。前面的unlikely though it seems调整容易理解的句序应当为unlikely it seems, though,…。

　　2. Ultimately it was not the eloquence of the arguments against the Corn Laws that led to their abolition — and more's the pity。

　　【分析】本句为强调句结构，it is (not) that…。And more's the pity 还原成句子就是 it is more the pity that…。

　　【译海拾贝】

　　在世界的粮食作物中，它的重要性仅次于玉米、小麦和稻谷。与其它农作物相比，它能够提供更多的热量，生长速度更快，而所占土地面积却比它们要少，适宜它生长的气候条件也更广。它，当然就是马铃薯了。

　　联合国已经宣布2008年为“马铃薯国际年”。它希望人们了解马铃薯的优点后将有助于减少贫困、提高食品安全性以及促进经济的发展，从而实现联合国的千年发展目标。它不是这个的国际年就是那个的国际月。但是马铃薯不寻常的历史意味着它非常值得《经济学家》读者们赞美——因为马铃薯的历史与经济发展、贸易自由化及全球化是交织在一起的。

　　虽然马铃薯其貌不扬，但是它确实为英国19世纪的工业革命打下了基础，推动了其经济的发展。它是价廉的热量来源，也很容易栽种，因此使人脱离了田地间的劳作。马铃薯在英国北方种植广泛，因为北方的人专门从事牲畜农业和家庭产业，而南方的农场主(这里的土壤更适合种马铃薯)则种植小麦。完全巧合的是，这使得工业集中在这个煤炭资源丰富的地区，而马铃薯产业导致了人口的大量剩余，这又为新的工厂提供了充足的劳动力。弗里德·恩格斯甚至宣称马铃薯“历史性的革命作用”可以与铁相提并论。

　　马铃薯促进了自由贸易的发展，使英国的《谷物法》被废除——而这也促成了1843年《经济学家》的创立。《谷物法》限制粮食进口到英国以保护国内的小麦生产商。土地拥有者支持这项法律，因为便宜的进口粮食会让他们的收入减少，但工厂主则反对这项法律，因为进口会让食品价格降低，这样人们就会把更多的钱花在工业产品上。最终并不是口若悬河的辩论而是同情废止了《谷物法》。起因是1845年爱尔兰马铃薯歉收，由于他们所赖以生存的马铃薯得了枯萎病，导致了一百万爱尔兰人死亡。爱尔兰需要进口粮食来缓解灾情，这迫使由支持《谷物法》的土地拥有者所组成的政府不得不改弦易辙。