三、不定式、分词和动名词作定语的区别

1.不定式与分词作定语是垢区别主要表现时态上;不珲式作定语通常指动作;现在分词作定语指正进行的动作;过去分词作定语指已经完成的动作。如：

I have three letters to write this evening. 我有三封信要写。

Do you know the man sitting at the desk? 你认识坐在桌子旁的那个人吗?

Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun? 你读过鲁迅先生翻译过的小说吗?

2.现在分词作定语表示它所修饰的名词的动作，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系，读时都有重音。动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途，二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，读时只重读动名词。动名词作定语只有置于被修饰词的前面，而分词作定语有时可置前，有时可置后。如：

a sleeping baby (=a baby who is sleeping)

a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping=a car which is used for sleeping)

3.作定语时，过去分词常表示动作发生的时间早于谓语动词，或者没有一定的时间性，只表示被动关系，有的只表示完成。如：

The flyover bridge built last year cost $12,000.

去年建的这座立交桥花了12000美元。(既表示被动又表示完成)

All the fallen leaves have been cleared away.

所有落叶都清走了。(表示完成，并没有被动意味)

I don’t like to hear songs sung by young people.

我不想听见年轻人唱这种歌。 (只表示被动，没有一定的时间性)

4.-ing形式作后置定语则可表示：正在进行或发生的行为(变为定语从句要用进行进态);现在(或当时)的状态(变为定语从句时常用一般时态)。如：

The car waiting nearby (=which is waiting nearby) is a Ford.

等着附近的那辆小汽车是福特车。

The music being played(=which is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar.

正在钢琴上演奏的这首曲子听起来很熟悉。

5.短暂性动词的-ing形式一般式一般不可用后置定语。如：

Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.

应邀参加这次晚会的大多数人是著名的科学家。

不能说成：

Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists.

6.-ing分词的完成式一般不能后置定语，除非为非限制性的后置定语。如：

This is the question discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years. The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 讨论多年的这个问题现在已经解决了。

不可说成：

This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.

7.being+adj.不能单独用作后置定语

不能说： Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here.

应为：Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here. 任何胜任这项工作的人可以在这里签名。

8.分词作定语时，如有逗号与被修饰的名词分开，相当于一个非限制性的定语。如：

The story, written by a young girl, became popular with the young.

这个故事在年轻人间很流行，这是位小姑娘写的。

9.不定式作定语可以有自己的逻辑主语。如

It is spring, the time for us to plant trees.

春天正是植树的好季节。