Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Things in the henhouse changed practically overnight when McDonald’s announced in 1999 that it would no longer buy eggs from producers who didn’t meet its guidelines for care of chickens. Those guidelines included limiting the 1 of birds that could be kept in one 2 and prohibiting beak removal,3 trimming just the tips.
Once McDonald’s had 4 the way in issuing animal care guidelines for the company’s suppliers, many other giants of the fastfood industry rapidly followed 5, including Burger King, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Wendy’s, A&W. and KFC. Now, the American Meat Institute has 6 welfare guidelines and audit 7 for cattle, pigs, and chickens. And the European Union, representing our foreign customers, is also 8 in with, among other things, legislation banning 9 use of crates to house pregnant sows, 10 in 2013.
Questions about animal care 11 with the explosive growth in largescale livestock farms, 12 spurred customers to complain about animals being treated as “factory parts.” That spurred ARS and the livestock industry to take a proactive approach to addressing animal 13 issues, making sure that guidelines are based on facts 14 through scientific research. The goal is to share research findings with the retail food industry and others so that the livestock industry can improve its 15 guidelines.
Ten years ago, to 16 these concerns, ARS started a research program on livestock behavior and stress. The scientists involved were tasked with finding out whether modern farming practices were 17 stressing animals. And if so, could scientific methods be developed to measure this stress so that 18 could be evaluated objectively rather than subjectively?
A decade later, the 19 answer is “yes” to both questions. Many had expected the answer to be “no” on both counts, but science works independently 20 people’s opinions.
1. [A] amount [B] number [C] figure [D] sum
2. [A] cage [B] cave [C] case [D] cart
3. [A] but for [B] except for [C] aside from [D] away from
4. [A] paved [B] changed [C] led [D] opened
5. [A] suit [B] step [C] set [D] super
6. [A] adapted [B] adopted [C] approved [D] accepted
7. [A] booklets [B] pamphlets [C] brochures [D] checklists
8. [A] measuring [B] weighing [C] considering [D] thinking
9. [A] prolonged [B] proceeded [C] programmed [D] progressed
10. [A] efficient [B] effective [C] effusive [D] elective
11. [A] raised [B] rose [C] arose [D] posed
12. [A] who [B] what [C] which [D] how
13. [A] health [B] life [C] wealth [D] welfare
14. [A] decided [B] determined [C] proved [D] tested
15. [A] voluntary [B] revolutionary [C] preliminary [D]necessary
16. [A] express [B] address [C] suppress [D] compress
17. [A] unduly [B] unequally [C] unfortunately [D] unfavorably
18. [A] performances [B] programs [C] problems [D] practices
19. [A] sequential [B] initial [C] essential [D] financial
20. [A] of [B] on [C] by [D] with
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points )
Text 1
Commuter trains are often stuffy and crowded, and they frequently fail to run on time. As if that were not bad enough, Tsuyoshi Hondou, a physicist at Tohoku University in Japan, published a paper in 2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable. Dr Hondou examined mobile phone usage in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages, buses and lifts, all of which are, in essence, metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all blathering, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation that exceed international safety standards. That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage, bus or lift. Enough radiation escapes to allow the phone to communicate with the network, but the rest bathes the inside of the carriage with bouncing microwaves.
This sounds worrying. But maybe it isn’t after all. In a paper published recently in Applied Physics Letters, Jaime Ferrer and Lucas Fernández Seivane from the University of Oviedo in Spain—along with colleagues from the Polytechnic University of Madrid and Telefónica Móviles, a Spanish mobile operator—dispute Dr Hondou’s findings. They conclude that the level of radiation is safe after all.
The key addition to the new research is the effect of the passengers themselves. While each phone produces radiation that bounces around the car, the passengers absorb some of it, which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity, just as the presence of an audience changes the acoustics of a concert hall, making it less reverberant. Dr Hondou’s model, in short, was valid only in the case of a single passenger sitting in an empty carriage with an active mobile phone on every seat.
While Dr Hondou acknowledged this in his original paper, he did not specifically calculate the effect that leaving out the other passengers would have on the radiation level. As a result, say the authors of the new paper, he significantly overestimated the level of electromagnetic radiation. When one is sitting on a train, Dr Ferrer and his colleagues found, the most important sources of radiation are one’s own phone, and those of one’s immediate neighbours. The radiation from these sources far exceeds that from other phones or from waves bouncing around the carriage. And all these sources together produce a level of radiation within the bounds defined by the ICNIRP, the international body that regulates such matters.
21. According to paragraph 1, the essential common characteristic of train carriages, buses, and lifts is that
[A] they are all metal boxes.
[B] they are often stuffy and overcrowded.
[C] they all allow enough radiation to escape for mobile communications to take place.
[D] people use their mobile phones in them.
22. How could “levels of electromagnetic radiation that exceed international safety standards” be produced?
[A] Mobile phones give off a lot of electromagnetic radiation.
[B] Train carriages, buses, and lifts are not safe places to use mobile phones.
[C] A lot of people could use their mobile phones in a confined space at the same time.
[D] Blathering produces radio waves which bounce around the interior of these places.
23. Why do the Spanish researchers dispute Dr. Hondou’s theory?
[A] Because they are funded by a mobile phone operator.
[B] Because people absorb electromagnetic radiation.
[C] Because electromagnetic radiation isn’t dangerous at all.
[D] Because Dr. Hondou assumed that every single person was using their mobile phone at exactly the same time.
24. Dr. Hondou’s research was not thorough enough because
[A] he didn’t have enough time to assess everything before his paper was published.
[B] he didn’t admit that the people in train carriages, buses, and lifts could influence the level of electromagnetic radiation.
[C] he didn’t investigate the effect of people on electromagnetic radiation levels.
[D] Japan is a crowded country where people often use mobile phones, so he only looked at that specific situation.
25. According to the Spanish researchers, which of the following statements is true?
[A] The closer you are to a mobile phone, the greater your exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
[B] The closer you are to a mobile phone that is being used to send and receive signals, the greater your exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
[C] The amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected by metal is almost too small to be measured.
[D] You shouldn’t stand close to people who are using their mobile phones in train carriages, buses, and lifts.
Text 2
Last year a high profile panel of experts known as the Copenhagen Consensus ranked the world’s most pressing environmental, health and social problems in a prioritized list. Assembled by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute under its then director, Bjorn Lomborg, the panel used cost benefit analysis to evaluate where a limited amount of money would do the most good. It concluded that the highest priority should go to immediate concerns with relatively well understood cures, such as control of malaria. Longterm challenges such as climate change, where the path forward and even the scope of the threat remain unclear, ranked lower.
Usually each of these problems is treated in isolation, as though humanity had the luxury of dealing with its problems one by one. The Copenhagen Consensus used stateoftheart techniques to try to bring a broader perspective. In so doing, however, it revealed how the state of the art fails to grapple with a simple fact: the future is uncertain. Attempts to predict it have a checkered history—from declarations that humans would never fly, to the doomandgloom economic and environmental forecasts of the 1970s, to claims that the “New Economy” would do away with economic ups and downs. Not surprisingly, those who make decisions tend to stay focused on the next fiscal quarter, the next year, the next election. Feeling unsure of their compass, they hug the familiar shore.
This understandable response to an uncertain future means, however, that the nation’s and the world’s long term threats often get ignored altogether or are even made worse by shortsighted decisions. In everyday life, responsible people look out for the long term despite the needs of the here and now: we do homework, we save for retirement, we take out insurance. The same principles should surely apply to society as a whole. But how can leaders weigh the present against the future? How can they avoid being paralyzed by scientific uncertainty?
In well-understood situations, science can reliably predict the implications of alternative policy choices. These predictions, combined with formal methods of decision analysis that use mathematical models and statistical methods to determine optimal courses of action, can specify the trade-offs that society must inevitably make. Corporate executives and elected officials may not always heed this advice, but they do so more often than a cynic might suppose. Analysis has done much to improve the quality of lawmaking, regulation and investment. National economic policy is one example. Concepts introduced by analysts in the 1930s and 1940s—unemployment rate, current account deficit and gross national product—are now commonplace. For the most part, governments have learned to avoid the radical boom-and-bust cycles that were common in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
26. The Copenhagen Consensus didn’t believe that allocating a limited amount of money to climate change was a good idea because
[A] nothing can be done about it in the immediate future.
[B] there are too many competing approaches to solving it.
[C] it is not a pressing issue.
[D] the money would be better spent on immediate concerns.
27. Paragraph 2 intends to demonstrate that
[A] technology cannot solve all our problems.
[B] predictions are usually inaccurate.
[c] problems one-by-one is ineffective.
[D] thinking short-term is often reasonable.
28. According to the text, how could scientific uncertainty paralyse decision-making by world leaders?
[A] By presenting many different solutions to problems.
[B] By presenting short-term solutions and long-term ones.
[C] By presenting solutions to problems that are not well understood.
[D] By presenting solutions that are too technical for decision-makers to comprehend.
29. According to the text, how have governments learned to avoid boom-and-bust economic cycles?
[A] By using mathematical and statistical models prepared by experts.
[B] By observing historical economic patterns.
[C] By improving the quality of lawmaking.
[D] By discussing the implications and effects of various policies.
30. What are the “trade-offs” mentioned in the final paragraph?
[A] Difficult decisions.
[B] Things which have benefits in some ways and costs in others.
[C] Key, costly decisions.
[D] Things that promote economic prosperity.
Text 3
Ingenious teenagers can find every manner of reason to take a pass on summer school: There’s the twoweek family vacation in the middle of the four-week session, not to mention the potential for a day job scooping ice cream—or the fear that they might bomb at cramming a semester’s worth of work into a month. In the digital age, however, none is reason enough. The rapid spread of online learning at the secondary level—experts estimate that more than half of all school districts offer some virtual coursework, up from just 30 percent two years ago—is now creating “anywhere, anytime” flexibility for summer students, too.
While the total numbers are still small, many hundreds of students around the country will be signing on in the next week or two for everything from U.S. history to human space exploration. In California, Graham Petersen, who just finished his junior year in Palo Alto, will study Algebra II through the online arm of Oregon’s SalemKeizer school district while working as a teacher’s assistant in a children’s program. “This is no shortcut—it’s the full course. But you can work at 11 o’clock at night,” says Robert Currie, executive director of Michigan Virtual High School, whose courses, like most, are available nationally.
Beyond convenience, there are instructional reasons to consider the virtual classroom. Those who have struggled in a course during the year often find that the online format makes it easier to master the content. “Most students finish with A’s and B’s, because teachers don’t let them go through with D’s,” says Jan Bleek, principal of the Internet Academy, an arm of the Federal Way district near Seattle that is offering 45 summer courses at $180 each. “There’s lots of revision, a lot of work that goes on in depth between teacher and student after work has been submitted.” While grading policies vary, kids often are free to retake assessments or to work through several practice exams until they’re ready to be tested. “I got a B—the highest grade in math I’ve ever, ever gotten since sixth grade,” says Petersen, who took the first half of SalemKeizer’s online Algebra II class this spring after failing the course first semester.
Success depends largely on actually tackling the content, of course—and nobody (other than parents, perhaps) will be breathing down a student’s neck. So it’s important to be realistic about whether online study is a good fit with a teenager’s learning style. “The No. 1 thing is, are you capable of working on your own?” says Kathy Armstrong, an English teacher at Harris County High in Hamilton, Ga., who is also an instructor for Virtual High School. Since material is presented as text rather than by lecture, being a proficient reader is a must.
31. According to the first paragraph, the reason why teenagers used to have an excuse for not taking academic summer courses is that
[A] they had more important things to do.
[B] they had other distractions and obligations.
[C] society wasn’t as competitive.
[D] they were better at making excuses.
32. Why is Graham Peterson studying online?
[A] Because he is not up to the required standard in algebra.
[B] Because he likes working at night.
[C] Because he likes studying at night.
[D] Because he wants to study and work.
33. It can be inferred from the text that students usually get A’s and B’s because
[A] studying online is better and more convenient for them.
[B] the teachers are not as strict and give higher scores than at regular schools.
[C] most of the students studying online are smarter than average.
[D] the teaching and assessment process continues even after students have submitted their initial work.
34. According to the text, how is studying online different to conventional study methods?
[A] It’s suitable for anyone.
[B] It requires some different study skills.
[C] Grading policies vary.
[D] Students can take more practise tests before taking the real exam.
35. The best title of the text might be
[A] Learning via the internet is easy.
[B] Learning via the internet is relaxing.
[C] Learning via the internet can be convenient and instructive.
[D] Summer school is easier than before.
Text 4
The BBC, Britain’s mammoth public-service broadcaster, has long been a cause for complaint among its competitors in television, radio and educational and magazine publishers. Newspapers, meanwhile, have been protected from it because they published in a different medium. That’s no longer the case. The internet has brought the BBC and newspapers in direct competition—and the BBC looks like coming off best.
The improbable success online of Britain’s lumbering giant of a publicservice broadcaster is largely down to John Birt, a former directorgeneral who “got” the internet before any of the other big men of British media. He launched the corporation’s online operations in 1998, saying that the BBC would be a trusted guide for people bewildered by the variety of online services. The BBC now has 525 sites. It spends ￡15m ($27m) a year on its news website and another
￡51m on others ranging from society and culture to science, nature and entertainment. But behind the websites are the vast newsgathering and programmemaking resources, including over 5,000 journalists, funded by its annual ￡2.8 billion public subsidy.
For this year’s Chelsea Flower Show, for instance, the BBC’s gardening microsite made it possible to zoom around each competing garden, watch an interview with the designer and click on “leaf hotspots” about individual plants. For this year’s election, the news website offered a wealth of easy-to-use statistical detail on constituencies, voting patterns and polls. This week the BBC announced free downloads of several Beethoven symphonies performed by one of its five in-house orchestras. That particularly annoys newspapers, whose online sites sometimes offer free music downloads—but they have to pay the music industry for them.
It is the success of the BBC’s news website that most troubles newspapers. Its audience has increased from 1.6m unique weekly users in 2000 to 7.8m in 2005; and its content has a breadth and depth that newspapers struggle to match. Newspapers need to build up their online businesses because their offline businesses are flagging. Total newspaper readership has fallen by about 30% since 1990 and readers are getting older as young people increasingly get their news from other sources—principally the internet. In 1990, 38% of newspaper readers were under 35. By 2002, the figure had dropped to 31%. Just this week, Dominic Lawson, the editor of the Sunday Telegraph, was sacked for failing to stem its decline. Some papers are having some success in building audiences online—the Guardian, which has by far the most successful newspaper site, gets nearly half as many weekly users as the BBC—but the problem is turning them into money.
36. What does “John Birt … ‘got’ the internet before any of the other big men of British media” mean?
[A] John Birt was connected to the internet before his competitors.
[B] John Birt launched the BBC website before his competitors launched theirs.
[C] John Birt understood how the internet could be used by news media before his competitors did.
[D] John Birt understood how the internet worked before his competitors did.
37. Why does the text state that the BBC’s success in the field of internet news was “improbable”?
[A] Because the BBC is a large organisation.
[B] Because the BBC is not a private company.
[C] Because the BBC is not a successful media organisation.
[D] Because the BBC doesn’t make a profit.
38. The author cites the examples in paragraph 3 in order to demonstrate that
[A] the BBC’s websites are innovative and comprehensive.
[B] the BBC’s websites are free and wide-ranging.
[C] the BBC spends its money well.
[D] the BBC uses modern technology.
39. The BBC needn’t to pay the music industry to provide classical music downloads for users of its websites because
[A] the BBC is Britain’s state-owned media organisation.
[B] the BBC has a special copyright agreement with the big music industry companies.
[C] the BBC produces classical music itself.
[D] the BBC lets the music industry use its orchestras for free.
40. According to the final paragraph, the main advantage that the BBC has over newspapers is that
[A] more people use the BBC website.
[B] the BBC doesn’t need to make a profit.
[C] the BBC has more competent managers.
[D] young people are turning to the internet for news coverage.
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
From Southeast Asia to the Black Sea, fishing nets have become deathtraps for thousands of whales, dolphins and porpoises—species whose survival will be threatened unless fishing methods change.
The World Wildlife Fund, a U.S.based environmental group, lists species threatened by accidental catch, and recommends lowcost steps to reduce their entanglement in fishing gear. (41) . Dolphins in the Philippines, India and Thailand are urgent priorities.
Threatened populations include Irrawaddy dolphins in Malampyaya Sound off the Philippines’ Palawan island, about 220 miles south of Manila. Only 77 remain. Dolphins also face the threat of traders who sell them to aquariums, especially in Asia.
(42) .
The WWF report said up to 3,000 Spinner dolphins may be caught each year in gillnets, which stretch from the sea floor to the surface and are hard for dolphins to see or detect with their sonar.
(43).
Dolphins are also under threat in Indonesia, Myanmar, India’s Chilka Lake and Thailand’s Songkhla Lake.
Fishing gear kills thousands of porpoises each year in the Black Sea. Atlantic humpback dolphins face the same fate off the coasts of Ghana and Togo in Africa, as do Franciscana dolphins in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. IndoPacific humpback and bottlenose dolphins often die in nets off the south coast of Zanzibar.
(44) .U.S. fisheries in 19932003 introduced changes that reduced by a third the number of dolphins accidentally killed by fishing, or bycatch. But few other countries have followed that example and in much of the rest of the world, progress on bycatch mitigation has been slow to nonexistent.
(45). Slight modifications in fishing gear can mean the difference between life and death for dolphins.
[A] In the Pacific Ocean, bottlenose dolphins are found from northern Japan and California to Australia and Chile. They are also found offshore in the eastern tropical Pacific as far west as the Hawaiian islands. Off the California coast bottlenose dolphins have been observed as far north as Monterey, particularly during years of unusual warmth.
[B] Researchers estimate that fishing gear kills about 300,000 whales, dolphins and porpoises a year in the world’s oceans.
[C] If the mammals are trapped underwater in nets and can’t get to the surface to breathe, they drown.
[D] According to IWC reports, in the 2003/2004 season, Japan killed, under “special permit,” 443 minke whales in the Antarctic, and in the North Pacific, 151 minkes, 50 Bryde’s whales, 50 sei whales, and 10 sperm whales. Japanese media have reported that Japan plans to expand its annual whale hunt to take two new species—humpback whales and fin whales—as well as nearly doubling its planned catch of minke whales. Both humpback and fin whales are on the World Conservation Union’s Red List of Threatened Species.
[E] Other threatened populations include Spinner and Fraser’s dolphins in the Philippines’ Sulu Sea.
[F] Most of the animals are threatened by the widespread use of one type of fishing geargillnets.
[G] These accidental deaths can be significantly reduced, often with very simple, lowcost solutions.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Hollywood and the music industry can file piracy lawsuits against technology companies caught encouraging customers to steal music and movies over the Internet. (46) The justices, aiming to curtail what they called a “staggering” volume of piracy online, largely set aside concerns that new lawsuits would inhibit technology companies from developing the next iPod or other hightech gadgets or services. The unanimous ruling is expected to have little immediate impact on consumers, though critics said it could lead companies to include digital locks to discourage illegal behavior.
The justices left in place legal protections for companies that merely learn customers might be using products for illegal purposes. (47)Copying digital files such as movies, music or software programs “threatens copyright holders as never before” because it’s so easy and popular, especially among young people. Entertainment companies maintain that online thieves trade 2.6 billion songs, movies and other digital files each month.
(48)The ruling represents a significant victory for Hollywood and record labels, which have resorted to suing individually the thousands of computer users caught sharing music and movies online. In a tweak at entertainment companiesand a demonstration of legal purposes for filesharingcomputer users circulated the court’s published opinion over Internet filesharing services. Governmentproduced documents generally are not protected by copyright.
(49)Grokster Ltd. and Streamcast Networks Inc., developers of leading Internet filesharing software, can be sued because they deliberately encouraged customers to download copyrighted files illegally so they could build a larger audience and sell more advertising. Writing for the court.
(50)But the court also said a technology company couldn’t be sued if it merely learns its customers are using its products for illegal purposes. That balancing test, the court said, is necessary so that it “does nothing to compromise legitimate commerce or discourage innovation having a lawful promise.” The court said it wanted to protect an inventor who must predict how consumers months or years in the future might use new technology.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Your professor has given you a grade on a paper that is much lower than what you were expecting. Write a letter of approximately 100 words including the following:
1) your name, and class and the information about your paper;
2) a request for the professor to provide you with an explanation; and
3) a possible resolution.
Write your letter on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay ranging from 160200 words based on the picture provided. Your essay should
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture;
2) state whether you agree or disagree with the idea; and
3) give an example which illustrates your opinion.
北京新航道学校
《胡敏考研英语考前10天模拟冲刺卷》网上测试题 答案解析
Section I Use of English
1.[答案]B number
[考点]名词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的名词
[解析]amount指不可数名词的 “数量”，number 指可数名词的“数目”，figure 指一个“数字”，sum多指钱的“数量”。这里指家禽数目，是可数名词，因此答案是B。
2.[答案]A cage
[考点]名词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的名词
[解析]cage 意为“笼子”，是和文中的bird搭配唯一恰当的词，cave“洞穴”，case“箱子”和cart “人力车” 都不可和bird搭配使句意通畅，所以选A。
3.[答案]B except for
[考点]介词短语辨析，根据上下文选择合适的介词短语
[解析]but for 是“若非，要不是”，except for 是“除了，只是”，aside from 是“除…以外”，away from 是“离开”。原文的意思是供应商除了可以对鸟喙尖部稍加修剪外禁止去掉鸟喙。只有except for符合句子意思，因此B是正确答案。
4.[答案]C led
[考点]动词辨析，动词和名词的搭配
[解析]pave the way 是“为…作准备”，change the way 是“改变…方式、方法”，lead the way是“为…之先，首先倡导”，open则不能和 the way 搭配。根据上下文可知麦当劳公司在家禽饲养方面率先作出明确规定，其后诸多快餐巨头纷纷效仿，因此答案是C。
5.[答案]A suit
[考点]固定短语
[解析]“效仿，模仿”在英语里的固定短语是follow suit，所以选A。
6.[答案]B adopted
[考点]动词辨析，动词和名词的搭配
[解析]adapt是“适应”，adopt是“采纳”，approve是“同意”，accept是“接受，同意”。首先排除adpat，而approve和accept意思相近，属于干扰选项，所以答案是B。提醒大家准确记忆adapt 和 adopt 的拼写及用法，这两个词在词汇测试方面的出现频率相当高。
7.[答案]D checklists
[考点]名词辨析，动词与名词的搭配
[解析]本题我们可以采用排除法。A、B、C 三个选项都是“小册子”的意思，不能同时成为正确答案，只能选D，checklist的意思是“（核对用的）一览表（尤指完整的清单）”。
8.[答案]B weighing
[考点]动词辨析，固定动词短语
[解析]weigh in with是固定短语，意为“（在讨论等中）有把握地提出”。Consider，think和measure 都不能和in with搭配，所以答案是B。
9.[答案]A prolonged
[考点]动词辨析，过去分词与名词的搭配
[解析]这四个选项相似之处在于它们有相同词头“pro”。prolong 的意思是“拖延，延长”，proceed的意思是“进行，继续”，program为 “设计，规划”之意，而progress 则为“进步，发展”之意。只有prolong的过去分词能修饰use，因此只能选择A。
10.[答案]B effective
[考点]形容词辨析
[解析]C，D选项易排除，effusive为“感情横溢的，流出的”，elective 意思是“有选举权的，被选任的，可选修的”。A，B选项也是考试高频词汇，它们不仅拼写相似，意思也有相近之处，effective 意思是“生效的，有效的”，而 efficient是“效率高的，能干的，有效的”之意，法律条文的生效一般用effective，所以选B。
11.[答案]C arose
[考点]动词辨析，动词和名词的搭配
[解析]本句主干是“Questions＋待选谓语动词”，意思是伴随着大规模家畜饲养场的发展出现了许多问题。我们先排除raised和posed，因为它们与question搭配时都作及物动词。rise 为“升起，增长”之意，arise 的意思是 “出现，发生”，只有arise能作不及物动词和question搭配，因此C 为正确答案。
12.[答案]C which
[考点]根据句子结构选择关系代词或副词
[解析]解这道题时，首先要理清句子结构。逗号后面的句子应为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整句话，待选词应为引导定语从句的关系代词，据此可排除what 和 how，又因为这个定语从句修饰的不是人，who 也被排除。正确答案只能为C。
13.[答案]D welfare
[考点]名词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的名词
[解析]health是“健康”，life是“生命，生存”，wealth是“财富”，welfare是“福利”。从上文可以看出，本文讨论的是针对动物的福利提出的一些饲养动物的规定，因此D是正确答案。
14.[答案]B determined
[考点]动词辨析，过去分词与名词的搭配
[解析]decide是“决定，使下决心”，determine是“决定，确定，测定”，prove是“证明，证实”，test是“试验，测验”。要填的过去分词修饰的是fact，最合适的选项是determined，因此答案是B。
15.[答案]A voluntary
[考点]形容词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的形容词
[解析]voluntary意思是“自发的，自愿的”，revolutionary 为“革命的”，而preliminary为“预备的，初步的”，necessary则为“必须的，必需的”。从上文可以看出，这些guidelines（指导原则）是由家畜饲养行业自发制定的，而与食品零售行业和其他行业共享研究结果的目的是完善这些指导原则，因此A为正确答案。
16.[答案]B address
[考点]动词辨析，动词和名词的搭配
[解析]express是“表达，表示”，address是“对付，处理”，suppress是“压制，镇压”，compress是“压缩，镇压”。express和address能和concerns搭配，但这句话的主语是ARS，不定式短语表示目的，即ARS开始实验的目的，显然address更合适，所以选B。
17.[答案]A unduly
[考点]副词辨析
[解析]大家可用构词法知识对词义进行推测，duly为“适当地”，那么unduly应为“不适当地，过分地”之意，其他三个选项也可依此类推。根据句子意思判断，A为正确答案。原句意思是科学家想通过研究来验证现代的饲养方式是否对家畜形成过大的压力。
18.[答案]D practices
[考点]名词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的名词
[解析]performance是“表演，表现”，program是“规划，程序”，problem是“问题”，practice是“实践，行为，做法”。除了区别四个选项的意思之外，细心的同学会发现上句话中practice 已经出现。从上下文中寻找正确答案是做完形填空题非常行之有效的技巧。D是正确答案。
19.[答案]B initial
[考点]形容词辨析，形容词与名词的搭配
[解析]sequential是“连续的”，initial是“最初的”，essential是“必不可少的”，financial是“金融的”。空格后搭配的是answer，A、C、D三个选项都可以排除，因此选择B。
20.[答案]A of
[考点]介词辨析，固定短语
[解析]be independent of是固定短语，意为“不依赖于…”，原句意思是科学不以人的意志为转移，也就是说科学不依赖于人为因素。正确答案为A。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21.[答案]A
[解析]细节题。根据题干中的essential 可定位到原文首段第三句（其中有短语in essence）：所有列车车厢、公交车和电梯实际上都是金属箱子。故A正确。B、C、D并非三者共同的实质性的特点。
22.[答案]C
[解析]细节题。定位到原文首段5-6行。的确，手机有电磁辐射，但导致辐射超过国际安全标准的是很多人同时在有限的地方使用手机，故正确答案为C非A。B项文中未提。D项提到blathering产生无线电波，但这只是原因之一。
23.[答案]B
[解析]细节题。原文在第三段第二句提到：乘客可以吸收辐射，进而降低辐射的总体强度。所以B项正确。D中的at exactly the same time 与原文三段末句不符。其他两项并非Spanish researchers反对 Dr. Hondou理论的原因，只是一般事实。
24.[答案]C
[解析]细节题。原文第四段第一句指出：Dr. Hondou没有具体算出略去其它乘客会对辐射强度有什么影响。C项与此吻合。A、D项文中未提。B项指出，他不承认列车车厢、公交车、电梯里人对电磁辐射强度的影响。可文章中第四段第一句说他承认这一点，即人对辐射强度的影响，只是他只假设车厢里只有一个人，没考虑到还有其他人（第三段末）。故B也可排除。
25.[答案]B
[解析]推断题。 整篇文章谈论的都是工作状态下的手机对人的辐射，如第一段的sending text messages，第二段中with an active mobile phone ；又根据末段倒数第三句——辐射最厉害的来源是自己和周围人的手机。故推断出答案为B，非A。C文中未提。D文中未提，而且西班牙人的结论是辐射没有超标。
26.[答案]D
[解析]细节题。首段第三行指出：专家小组分析成本与收益，估测把有限的钱花在什么地方才会有最大收益。他们得出结论：首先考虑的应该是眼下紧急的事情，它们相对来说已经有明显的解决办法，如疟疾的控制。一些长期的难题，如气候的改变，则排在后面，因为它将来的发展、甚至危险的范围都还是未知的。所以D为正确答案。其他选项与原文不符或没有提到。
27.[答案]D
[解析]段落主旨题。A文中未提。B表明预测通常不准，C表明一个一个地解决问题没有效率，两者都只是一个事实，并非写作目的。联系上下文来看，第一段谈到世界上重大问题的解决要分轻重缓急，并界定孰重孰轻。第二段谈到很难预测将来，因为将来是不确定的。所以推出D。
28.[答案]C
[解析]推断题。原文第三段末提出此问题，第四段第一句回答说，在一个我们充分认识的环境中，科学就可以准确地预测我们所选择的政策的含义。由此推断，如果对我们不十分了解的问题提出解决办法，这种科学上的不确定就会导致决策的失误。故选C。其他选项均无依据。
29.[答案]A
[解析]细节题。政府学会避免经济繁荣与萧条的交替循环是因为正确的政策预测，而政策是专家们运用数理、统计的方法制定出来的（见原文末段第二句），答案所以选A。B原文未提到。C、D只是过程中的细节。
30.[答案]B
[解析]语义题。“tradeoffs”出现在原文末段第二句：预测是结合了利用数学模型的正式的决策分析方法和决定政策取舍的统计手法做出的，这些预测能够明确指出社会中注定要出现的各种利弊。结合文章最后一句：政府已经学会了避免经济上繁荣与衰退大起大落的循环。所以选B。A、C、D纯粹为干扰选项。
31.[答案]B
[解析]细节题。首段首句列举了青少年想取代夏季课程，做自己想要做的事情。但这些事情有没有学习更重要文章没有提到，故答案选B非A。C、D原文未提。
32.[答案]D
[解析]细节题。原文第4-5行说皮特森边网上学习边做助教。所以答案选D。A项原文没有提到。B、C都很片面，且不是原因。
33.[答案]D
[解析]推断题。A说的没错，但不是原因。Ｂ、Ｃ文中未提。第三段第3、4句指出：老师给大多学生都是Ａ和Ｂ，原因是不让学生通过考试时只得了Ｄ。试卷交了以后老师和学生还有很多工作要做，还可以有大量的修改。学生可以自由补考，或者参加几次模考，直到准备好了再考。所以答案选D。
34.[答案]Ｂ
［解析］细节题。Ａ不对，因为末段指出：网上学习能否成功很大程度上取决于能否掌握、消化所学内容。是否适合网上学习，第一要考虑的是你是否能够自主学习。所以Ｂ对Ａ错。Ｃ项答非所问。Ｄ项原文中没作比较。
35.[答案]C
[解析]主旨题。文章介绍了网上教学的灵活、方便，正规的考试制度还能保证学习质量等等。所以C为正确答案。A项虽然与原文内容一致，但细节不能作为主题思想。B与原文不符。如果选D为中心思想，那文章应该介绍Summer school如何、在哪些方面比以前容易读了 。
36.[答案]C
[解析]语义题。根据题干回到文章第二段开头。John Birt 比英国传媒界其它大亨更早“使用”互联网，（关键是下一句）他1998年开始了BBC的在线播放（是运用互联网）。所以选C。A 项John Birt比对手更早与互联网连接，B项 John Birt比对手更早，D项 John Birt 比对手更早懂得互联网是如何工作的，三项都是主观臆断。
37.[答案]B
[解析]推断题。Improbable出现在第二段首句。英国庞大的公共服务广播公司(BBC)令人难以相信的在线成功……。Improbable的原因在于BBC是公共服务广播公司，所以选B。A、C、D与题干问题都没什么必然联系。
38.[答案]A
[解析]段落主旨题。第三段列举了三个BBC利用互联网制作的节目——切尔西的花展、选举、免费下载贝多芬的交响乐。他们都很有创意。A为正确选项。B项the BBC’s websites are free太绝对。C项BBC钱花得合理，可文章没涉及到。D项太过笼统。
39.[答案]C
[解析]细节题。BBC作为国有的媒体与不付钱给音乐公司没必然联系，所以A被排除。B、D文中未提。第三段倒数第二句指出：可以免费下载BBC五个室内管弦乐队之一所演奏的几首贝多芬交响乐曲，故选C。
40.[答案]B
[解析]推断题。A更多的人利用BBC网站，这是事实，但不是BBC相对于报纸的主要优势。BBC新闻网站的成功对报纸构成了巨大的威胁，这促使报纸也发展在线业务。例如《卫报》，虽然成功，但财力对他们来说仍然是个大问题。但BBC作为国有媒体，财政由国家支出。所以选B。C文中未提。D 项说法不错，但BBC和报纸都利用互联网，所以不能作为BBC的优势。
Part B
本文开头介绍了捕鱼装置成为鲸鱼和海豚的致命杀手，如果不改变捕鱼方法的话，这些物种的生存将面临巨大威胁。接着，以海豚为例，辅以具体数字，描述了捕鱼装置造成的巨大意外伤害。最后，说明虽然捕鱼装置微小的改良就能改变现状，但很少有人去做。
41.[答案]B
[解析]这道题上文有提示：空白前的一段描述的是“World Wildlife Fund建议采取措施减少鲸鱼和海豚等海洋动物被捕鱼装置缠住的机会”，下面就应该说明原因：捕鱼装置对动物的伤害，只有选项B说明了这一点，而且借助数据。这里需要提醒大家的是本文为说明文，要有具体的数据、全面的事例来说明问题。这一点对于选择答案很有帮助。
42.[答案]E
[解析]这题在上下文中都有提示：41和42题之间提到“海豚所受威胁尤其严重，其中包括Irrawaddy（伊落瓦底江）海豚”，既然海豚受到如此威胁，那么肯定不止一种，所以，后面需要别的品种。另外，空白后又列举了“Spinner dolphins”，而答案之前没有涉及，所以综合二者，选项只能是E。
43.[答案]C
[解析]本题主要承接前文：空白前提到捕鱼网是从海面延伸到海底的，海豚又难以利用其声纳系统探测到，所以海豚难以逃生。选项中既涉及水下被网住又提及海底与海面的就只有C。
44.[答案]F
[解析]空白前一段的讨论内容转向威胁海豚的捕鱼装置，列举了一些受到威胁的海豚种类，而剩下的选项中只有 F承接上文。注意其中的信息词 other。
45.[答案]G
[解析]空白前提到美国对捕鱼装置进行了改进，效果明显；空白后也是关于改装的描述，所以，答案应为G。
Part C
46.[结构分析]这是一个复合句。主干是The justices...largely set aside concerns...，aiming to...是现在分词短语表示原因，what they called a “staggering” volume of piracy online 是非谓语动词to curtail的宾语从句，concerns后面是that引导的同位语从句。
[句子切分] The justices,（aiming to curtail / what they called a “staggering” volume of piracy online, ）largely set aside concerns / that new lawsuits would inhibit technology companies /from developing the next iPod or other hightech gadgets or services.
[词义推敲]
1) justice在这句话中不是我们最熟悉的“正义，正直”的意思，根据复数形式和what引导的宾语从句中的代词they和动词called判断，justice指人，是“法官”的意思。
2) staggering, volume和piracy这三个词都可以根据搭配关系选择合适的词义，首先能够确定的是piracy的意思，online说明与网络有关，排除“海上劫掠”的意思，这里是指“侵犯版权，盗版”。相应地，volume在这里不可能是“卷，册”或者“音量”，而是指“数量”，staggering也不是“摇晃的，蹒跚的”，而是“令人吃惊的”。
3) set aside是“撤销，驳回，宣布…无效”，和名词concerns搭配，译为“消除担心”。
4) develop是典型的一词多义，翻译时需要根据与之搭配的相关词汇选择确切的意思。这句话中，develop后面有三个并列的宾语，分别是iPod，other hightech gadgets和services，iPod是苹果公司生产的一种MP3，gadget是“小巧的器械，精巧的装置”，hightech gadgets和services则是泛指高科技产品和服务，develop的词义必须与三者同时能够搭配，因此译为“研制”。
[参考答案] 法官们的目的是想减少他们所谓的数量大得“惊人的”网上盗版，所以主要消除了一些担心，那就是新的诉讼会阻止技术公司研制下一个iPod或其他高科技产品或服务。
47.[结构分析]这是一个复合句。主干是Copying digital files...threatens copyright holders...，主语部分比较长，用such as列举了digital files的三个例子，as never before是修饰动词threaten的状语，because引导原因状语从句。
[句子切分] Copying digital files such as movies, music or software programs / “threatens copyright holders / as never before” / because it’s so easy and popular, / especially among young people.
[词义推敲]
1) program是个多义词，选择词义的时候需要特别注意，因为前面的修饰词是software（软件），因此排除“节目，演出”或者“计划，方案”的意思，译为“程序”。
2) copyright holders是固定表达，意为“版权持有者”。
3) as never before是习惯表达，意为“前所未有地，空前地”。
[参考答案] 复制数字文件，如电影、音乐或者软件程序“给版权持有者造成了前所未有的威胁”，因为复制唾手可得而且广为流行，尤其是在年轻人中间。
48.[结构分析]这是一个复合句。主句是The ruling represents a significant victory...，which 引导非限制性定语从句修饰主句中的名词Hollywood and record labels，caught sharing ...是过去分词短语作the thousands of computer users的后置定语。
[句子切分] The ruling represents a significant victory for Hollywood and record labels, / which have resorted to suing individually the thousands of computer users / caught sharing music and movies online.
[词义推敲]
1) record labels是一个特殊用法，因为它与Hollywood并列，所以肯定不能理解成“标签，商标”的意思，正确的理解应该是“唱片公司”。
2) resort to 是固定短语，意思是“诉诸，凭借”，在翻译的时候，为了和suing individually配合，合起来译为“分别进行起诉”。
3) caught sharing music and movies online作为定语比较长，不宜采用“…的”这样的翻译，可考虑单独翻译。
[参考答案] 裁决对好莱坞和唱片公司来说是个巨大的胜利，这些公司对数千名电脑用户分别进行了起诉，因为他们被发现分享网上的音乐和电影。
49.[结构分析]这是一个复合句。主干是Grokster Ltd. and Streamcast Networks Inc ... can be sued...，developers of leading Internet filesharing software是主语同位语，because 引导原因状语从句，这个从句本身还带一个由so 引导的目的状语从句。
[句子切分] Grokster Ltd. and Streamcast Networks Inc., / developers of leading Internet filesharing software, / can be sued / because they deliberately encouraged customers to download copyrighted files illegally / so they could build a larger audience and sell more advertising.
[词义推敲]
1) 两个公司的名字可以不译，Ltd.是limited的缩写，表示“有限责任公司”，Inc.是Incorporated的缩写，意思是“股份有限的”。
2) 翻译同位语时要注意它在句子中的位置，这句话在翻译时可以把主语和同位语作为一个翻译单位，然后再重复一下主语，和谓语构成一个翻译单位。
3) filesharing是一个合成词，翻译时直译成“文件分享” 即可。
4) 这句话中的copyright与47题中的不同，这里是动词，copyrighted files是指“受版权保护的文件”。
5) audience直译是“观众，听众”的意思，在这句话里根据上下文译为“顾客”。
[参考答案] Grokster有限责任公司和Streamcast Networks公司是因特网主要文件分享软件的开发者，他们可能会被起诉，因为他们蓄意鼓动顾客非法下载受版权保护的文件，从而达到更多地招揽顾客、卖更多广告的目的。
50.[结构分析]这是一个复合句。主干是But the court also said...，said后面是一个省略从句引导词that的宾语从句，这个从句里又有一个由if引导的条件状语从句，if从句里面还有一个省略that的宾语从句。
[句子切分] But the court also said / a technology company couldn’t be sued / if it merely learns / its customers are using its products for illegal purposes.
[词义推敲]
1) said的主语是the court（法庭），翻译时应选择较为正式的用词，不应该简单地译成“说”，译为“认为”比较合适。
2) learn这个词看似简单，但后面接宾语从句时一般译为“得知”。
[参考答案] 但是法庭同时认为，如果一家技术公司只是得知其用户在用它的产品达到非法目的，这家公司就不能被起诉。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
Dear Professor Bell,
My name is Li Ming. I am a student in your English 201 class. Recently, I handed in a paper entitled, “A Critique of Hamlet”. I worked very hard on this paper, and was very surprised to learn that I received a C+ for my efforts.
I was wondering if it would be possible for you to give an explanation as to why I received such a poor mark. Perhaps you could even offer me some suggestions as to how I could improve the paper next time.
Thank you very much in advance. I appreciate your taking the time to help me.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
Part B
The illustration shows a man lovingly releasing his fish into the wide, unending ocean. The man realizes that the bowl the fish are currently in is too small for them to play in, and they must have a better home. He has chosen this scenic spot as their new home. This scene can be aptly described by the old English axiom, “If you love something, set it free”.
I agree with the sentiment in the picture, and think that it is cruel to keep something or someone trapped in a place where they do not belong. Even if that thing brings you great pleasure, it is morally wrong to keep it. One must always pay attention to the needs of others, especially those we love.
An ageold example of this idea is the boy who finds a bird with a broken wing. He nurses the bird back to health and wants to keep it as his pet in a cage. After great deliberation, he decides to free the bird, as it will be happier flying free in the open. The boy is sad for his loss, but happy about the freedom he was able to grant the creature
《胡敏考研英语考前10天模拟冲刺卷》网络测试版
新航道学校 /2005-11-14
相关话题/
领限时大额优惠券,享本站正版考研考试资料!
优惠券领取后72小时内有效，10万种最新考研考试考证类电子打印资料任你选。涵盖全国500余所院校考研专业课、200多种职业资格考试、1100多种经典教材，产品类型包含电子书、题库、全套资料以及视频，无论您是考研复习、考证刷题，还是考前冲刺等，不同类型的产品可满足您学习上的不同需求。 ...考试优惠券 本站小编 Free壹佰分学习网 2022-09-19
