2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义 (十二)
2007 – KY-- 12 内部资料 翻印必究
I. Use of English (Cloze)
(2005年全国统考试题)
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,___1___this is largely because,___2___animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are___3___to perceiving those smells which float through the air,___4___the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact,___5 ___ , we are extremely sensitive to smells,___6___we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of___7___human smells even when these are ___8___to far below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,___9___others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate___10___ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send___11___to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell___12___can suddenly become sensitive to it when___13___to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it___14___to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can___15___new receptors if necessary. This may___16___explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells -- we simply do not need to be. We are not___17___of the usual smell of our own house, but we___18___new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors___19___for unfamiliar and emergency signals___20___the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while
2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides
3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined
4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking
5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore
6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if
7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting
8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused
9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas
10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical
11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses
12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times
13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed
14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient
15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create
16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless
17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired
18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice
19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable
20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from
II. 选择搭配题
Directions: You are going to read a text about Learning to Cope with Complexity, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
During times of great crisis, human beings typically turn to one of two strategies: fight or flight. There is, however, a third strategy: learning and deep change. It is based on the principle that all events, especially the most tragic, are ripe with opportunities for learning.
The lesson we must learn from September 11 is that our management practices, private and public, are one-dimensional. Whether it is with regard to civil aviation safety or real estate, our world is dominated by concerns about profitability. These constrain us from implementing needed and proven safety procedures in aviation and high-rise office design. The focus on profitability also pushes our systems to grow unreasonably large, rendering them more vulnerable to terrorist attacks.
Approximately 76% of the criteria used to measure organizational efficiency are financial. Only 24% consider nonfinancial indicators such as health, safety, or the global impact that organizations have on communities and the world in general. Devoting more of our attention to nonfinancial indicators can help us develop new strategies to match the complexity of fighting terrorism. The fields of risk and crisis management already use some of these strategies.
41. Search for the destructive side of complexity.
42. Increase safety by redesigning products.
43. Separate the different elements of systems to reduce their impacts on each other.
44. Promote a more ethical distribution of wealth.
45. Build a true culture of civil security. We should develop the capacity to envision the destructive side of our complex systems and to prepare for it.
Promote active learning from previous crises. It is imperative that we learn to tolerate cultural and religious differences, especially bearing September 11 in mind, while at the same time neutralizing terrorism as much as we can. We must also remember that there is no better way to drive people to undertake desperate acts than to humiliate them.
These lessons are not merely about learning how to fight more effectively or better prepare for flight. The lessons are really about learning how to live in ways that can reduce the chances of future assaults, especially since we can never fully prevent them.
[A] The Pentagon resisted terrorist attacks much more readily than the World Trade Center because it was built with safety in mind. This has important implications for the future design of offices towers, hydroelectric dams, and nuclear power facilities.
[B] For instance, New Zealanders are prepared to survive independently for up to three days in the event of major catastrophes. Unfortunately, far too many of us expect to live in a zero-risk world. This means that widespread panic can be triggered if fewer than 10 letters out of millions in the postal system have been tampered with.
[C] After the poisoning of Tylenol capsules in 1982, Johnson & Johnson concluded that future terrorist attacks directed against their products were highly probable. As a result, they modified both the packaging and the products themselves.
[D] The French revolutionaries of 1789 screamed, “Let’s risk everything, since we have nothing.” People in countries such as Afghanistan, who earn less than $1 per day, may be provoked to violent measures to alter their desperate conditions.
[E] In the case of the World Trade Center, terrorists deliberately exploited the “destructive side” of aircraft and highly populated office towers. If one simply joins hijacking with car bombing, and magnifies their effects, then September 11 is the result.
[F] It is well known that to neutralize the potential spread of smallpox in animals we need to separate animal populations from the virus. This has profound implications with regard to globalization. Globalization constantly creates connections between disparate elements of complex systems and regions of the globe. It pushes us to increase the volume of financial and nonmonetary transactions and the speed between connections.
(课外练习 下次课给答案)
Directions: You are going to read a text about Things to Watch Out for When…, followed by a list of analyses. Choose the best analysis from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra analysis which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Year-end is prime time for making speeches, whether it be a formal thank you to clients at a cocktail party or an informal chat to family guests around the Christmas table. Plan ahead and think about what you are going to say. In the words of Mark Twain, it usually takes more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech.
41) Know your audience:
42) Make a point:
43) Stay calm:
44) Eye contact:
45) Vary tone and body language:
[A] Monotony kills a speech. Nerves cause your vocal chords to constrict, raising the pitch of your voice. Make an effort to breathe deeply and enunciate clearly. Flapping your arms about will distract your listeners but natural, descriptive movements can enhance meaning..
[B] Keep your speech short and concise and have a few clear points that you need to convey. Emphasize these and tone down on any oral paraphernalia that will confuse the message.
[C] Find out who you will be addressing so that you can tailor your comments accordingly. Clients, analysts and journalists, for example, require a different approach to that needed for colleagues at an in-house gathering.
[D] A little nervous energy can enhance your speech, but too much can be disastrous. Do not rely on alcohol for help, no matter how much you need Dutch courage. Take a deep breath and keep a clear head.
[E] Creating a personal rapport with your audience is a skill that separates gifted speakers from the mundane. If the thought of looking into a sea of faces scares you, adjust your gaze regularly at different points in the room to create the same effect.
[F] Your initial impression is vital when making a public presentation. Find out about dress codes at the venue so that you look your best and, if possible, check the microphone beforehand to ensure you know how to use it.
III. English-Chinese Translation
1) Being under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export. This also applies to the manufactured goods required to provide their populations with the 'necessities of life' --- a concept which is continually being enlarged through the mass media of communication such as newspapers, films, the radio and advertising. 2) This economic structure makes it difficult for them to avoid being politically dependent on the countries which absorb their exports and provide their essential imports.
Although it is obvious that industrialization is the key to development, it is usually very difficult for emerging countries to carry out plans of this nature. 3) In the first place, to set up modern industries necessitates capital on a large scale, which only industrialized regions are able to provide; secondly, they lack the necessary trained manpower; thirdly, their industries --- when established --- are usually not efficient enough to compete with foreign imports, and any restriction on these imports is likely to lead to counteraction against their own exports.
4) From another point of view, it is necessary to bear in mind that there are invariably political, educational, social and psychological obstacles which tend to interfere seriously with any measures taken to deal with the economic difficulties outlined above. To consider only one point: it is obviously useless to devote great efforts and expense to education, technical training and planning if, for psychological reasons, the population as a whole fails to turn theory into effective action.
5) To conclude, it seems clear that if we are to succeed in solving the many interrelated problems of underdevelopment, only the fullest and most intelligent use of the resources of all branches of science will enable us to do so. How is this to be done? Do you have any suggestions to make?(308 words)
IV. Writing Practice
Directions:
You are planning to pursue your study abroad. Write a letter of inquiry to
1) give your brief personal information,
2) ask for the admission into that university,
3) ask for the possibility of getting scholarship.
Letter of Inquiry
Dear Sir / Madam,
I am a senior student majoring in Computer Science at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 预计明年夏天毕业。I wish to go to the United States for further studies in my major. 因而我现在写信询问有关2005年九月研究生入学的可能性。
Please send me information on admission to your university. As I have no relative in the U.S., 我还想知道有关申请奖学金的程序。
Thank you very much. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours faithfully,
Li Ming
作业： 1. 结合“复习指导”做完形、英译汉和写作的相关练习。2. 讲过的完形练习要反复推敲，注意词的词义和搭配、注意上下文的连贯性和一致性。
赠言：既要看到自己的成绩，又要找出自己的差距。不断进取、不断进步。
选择搭配题参考译文(1)
当重大的危机发生时，人们往往会采取这两种策略之一：对抗或逃脱。 然而，还有第三种策略：学习并彻底改变。 它所基于的原则是：所有的事件， 特别是最具有悲剧性的， 都充满了学习的机会。
从“9•11事件”中我们必须汲取的教训是， 我们的管理业务，包括个人的和公众的， 是片面的。无论是在民航安全上还是在房地产上， 支配我们社会的都是考虑是否有利可图。 这就妨碍了我们在航空和高层办公大楼设计中去实施所需的和必要的安全程序。对于赢利的关注也导致我们各个系统不合理地扩大，使它们更容易受到恐怖分子的袭击。
机构效率的评估标准中，大约76% 都是关于财政的。 只有24% 的指标是非财政的， 如卫生、安全或各个机构对社区和整个社会的整体影响。 把我们的注意力更多地投向非财政指标有助于我们逐步想出新的策略，以适应对抗恐怖活动的复杂性。风险和危机管理领域已经采用了其中的某些策略。
探索复杂系统的破坏性一面。 1982年提列诺胶囊中毒事件发生后，强生公司认为未来恐怖分子很可能直接侵袭他们的产品。 因此，他们对包装和产品本身都进行了改进。
通过重新设计产品来提高安全性。美国五角大楼之所以比世贸中心大厦更能抵抗恐怖分子的袭击，是因为它建造时就把安全因素考虑在内了。这一点对今后设计办公大楼、水电大坝及核动力设施等有很重要的启示。
把系统的不同元素隔开以减少它们之间的相互影响。众所周知，要抑制天花在动物中可能出现的蔓延，我们必须把动物种群与病毒隔离开。这对全球化有着深远的含意。全球化不断地创造机会，使复杂系统的不同元素之间与全球各个地区之间有了联系。 它促使我们增加金融和非货币交易量，也加快了彼此间联系的速度。
推动财富在各民族中更合理地分配。1789年法国大革命的革命者们高呼：“冒险吧，因为我们一无所有。”在类似阿富汗这种国家的人们，每天还挣不到1美元，和可能受驱使采取激烈的手段来改变令人绝望的境况。
建立真正的社会安全文化。 我们应该发展预见复杂系统的破坏性一面及为此做好准备的能力。 例如，新西兰民众已做好准备，万一有大灾难发生，他们也能独立生存3天。 遗憾地是， 我们中间太多人希望生活在一个没有风险的社会。这意味着，即使在邮政系统的数百万封信中，有不到10封被做了手脚也会引起广泛的恐慌。
鼓励人们积极从以往的危机中学会如何应对。我们必须学会容忍文化和宗教上的差异，尤其是要牢记“9•11事件”， 同时也要尽我们所能消除恐怖主义。我们还必须记住：没有什麽比羞辱更能驱使人们去采取不顾一切后果的行动。
这些经验教训不只是有关学会如何更有效地对抗或者为逃脱做好更充分的准备的。它们实际上是关于学会如何以能降低未来受袭击的可能性的方式去生活的，特别是因为我们永远无法完全避免那些危险。
选择搭配题参考译文(2)
年终是演讲的主要时节， 不管是在鸡尾酒会上对客户们正式表示感谢，还是在家里与客人们围坐在圣诞节的餐桌边随意闲聊。你要提前计划和考虑将要说些什麽。用马克•吐温的话来说， 准备一次有声有色的即兴演讲通常需要超过三周的时间。
了解你的听众：搞清楚你将对谁讲话，以使自己的言论适应他们。 例如， 对客户、分析家和记者演讲的方法就不同于在室内与同事聚会时所使用的方法。
立论：尽量使你的讲话简明扼要，把你需要表达的几个要点弄清楚。 强调这些要点， 减少会使人误解你意思的个人口头禅。
保持冷静：一点点神经兴奋对你的演讲是有好处的， 但过分兴奋就太糟了。 不管你多麽需要酒后之勇也不要依赖酒精的帮助。做一次深呼吸并保持头脑的清醒。
目光接触：建立与听众相处融洽的个人关系是一种技巧，它可以区分开出色的演讲者和一般的演讲者。如果一想到面对众多的面孔你就发怵，那麽有规律地调节你的视线去注视房间的不同位置以达到同样的效果。
变化的音调和形体语言：单调会扼杀一次演讲。神经紧张会造成你的声带收缩，从而提高你的音调。努力地深呼吸，保持吐字清晰。 挥动手臂会分散听众的注意力， 但自然的、描述性的动作能加深表达的意思。
阅读欣赏
A Spy Story
While Hollywood’s film directors might favor a spy story with interesting characters, they have overlooked an obvious but hitherto unfilmed scenario.
For instance, here in Tappan, N.Y. where I live, there’s a dramatic and true spy story written in history that today, two centuries later, still delights history buffs and avid readers of adventure stories.
Tappan is a hamlet 12 miles from Manhattan as the crow flies or 45 to 50 minutes by auto depending upon the weather., road conditions or traffic. It is here that an important event in the Revolutionary War took place. And that gives us the story. The hamlet provides us with an authentic background where original buildings and sites have been carefully preserved. And the cast – a hero, a villain, and a scapegoat – comes straight out of history books, familiar to all who have studied United States history.
Tappan’s adventure story unfolds something like this. …
Notes: Hollywood好莱坞。scenario电影脚本。N.Y. 纽约。buffs爱好者。avid忘寝废餐的。as the crow flies直线距离。cast 剧组成员。villain坏蛋。scapegoat替罪羊。
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