2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义 (八)
2007 – KY-- 8 内部资料 翻印必究
I. Use of English (Cloze)
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories___ 1___ on the individual suggest that children engaged in criminal behavior___ 2___ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through___ 3___ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in___ 4___ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status___ 5___ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,___6___ the fact that children from wealthy families also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes___ 7___ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are___ 8___ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly___ 9___ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that___ 10___ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment___ 11___ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in___ 12___ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also___ 13___ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents;___ 14___, children are likely to have less supervision at home___ 15___ was common in the traditional family___ 16___. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other___ 17___ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased___ 18___ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing___ 19___ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,___ 20___ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. (287 words)
1. A. acting B. relying C. centering D. commenting
2. A. if B. unless C. until D. because
3. A. interactions B. assimilation C. cooperation D. consultation
4. A. return B. reply C. reference D. response
5. A. or B. but rather C. but D. or else
6. A. considering B. ignoring C. highlighting D. discarding
7. A. on B. in C. for D. with
8. A. immune B. resistant C. sensitive D. subject
9. A. affect B. reduce C. check D. reflect
10. A. point B. lead C. come D. amount
11. A. in general B. on average C. by contrast D. at length
12. A. case B. short C. turn D. essence
13. A. survived B. noticed C. undertaken D. experienced
14. A. contrarily B. consequently C. similarly D. simultaneously
15. A. than B. that C. which D. as
16. A. system B. structure C. concept D. heritage
17. A. assessable B. identifiable C. negligible D. incredible
18. A. expense B. restriction C. allocation D. availability
19. A. incidence B. awareness C. exposure D. popularity
20. A. provided B. since C. although D. supposing
II. 选择搭配题
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (4 1-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] What to do as a student?
[B] Various definitions of plagiarism
[C] Ideas should always be sourced
[D] Ignorance can be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as
one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
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The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
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Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
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Plagiarism by accident, or oversight，sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
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Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography -- are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
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The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement: All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty．
(课外练习，下次课给答案)
Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Five Rules for the Post-boom. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] It’s easier to be acquired than hired:
[B] Endurance counts:
[C] Develop a taste for crow:
[D] Square pegs for square holes:
[E] Make yourself available for any job interview:
[F] The Rule of 10:
What a difference a bust makes. The employers are back in the driver’s seat, and job switchers have to learn to play the game anew. As an executive agent, I manage the careers of senior executives, many of them in tech industries, and I’m often privy to their most trying professional challenges. From my vantage point, I’ve seen some new rules emerge for job hunters.
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All hiring executives have at least 10 friends out of work. They will typically fill senior-level openings by first calling friends in their Rolodex. So if you needed a reminder about the importance of building and maintaining your professional network, this is it. Get onto as many lists of 10 as possible.
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Back in the days of the talent shortage, companies often hired people into jobs with relatively little experience for that particular task. They didn’t have much choice; they crossed their fingers and hoped the person would grow into the job.
Now hiring managers can choose from candidates whose professional experience is exactly, 100 percent relevant for the position. It’s not a good time to switch careers.
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The old wisdom was “Just get your foot in the door.” But even that’s not easy now, since companies have the luxury of taking long, hard looks at candidates before hiring them. One solution: develop some kind of business relationship with the company, such as pitching deals that are low-risk. high-reward for them. A client of mine developed a consulting agreement that would lead to an equity stake in the firm—and a permanent job—if he was successful. His plan worked. Consulting, once considered the last option for a corporate executive on the job market, has now become an avenue to getting hired.
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A client became depressed during a job interview because the hiring executive he sat across form was a former subordinate of his. It’s a common occurrence. After all, with the flight by entrepreneurial types from corporations during the height of the dot-com boom, those left behind were often promoted—largely because they stayed. Like the tortoise competing against the hare, they are plodding toward the finish line with big smiles. In this job market, turn off an arrogance or hubris; there’s little time for gamesmanship. Position yourself positively; you may bypass them later on, but to get back in the race you must first get back inside.
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If you’re out of work, find someone to help you take a hard look inward. Evaluate your skills and experience, and market yourself into positions that are a near-perfect match—even if it means a step down in salary or title. Whether you’re in a job or out of a job, the most important rules remain the same: be smart and relentless about forging lasting partnerships, and have a work ethic of perseverance. Don’t wait for a career map, create your own.
III. English-Chinese Translation
Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. 1) Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to the study of the more immediate past, which has been called “historical archaeology,” a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.
Back in the 1930’s and 1940’s, when building restoration was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.
2) The extreme enthusiasm for reconstruction had largely died down by the 1950’s and 1960’s. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They were, by training, scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved. 3) But because they were embarking on the historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation and because their knowledge of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to American history remained confined. Their reports, highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread.
More recently, professional archaeologists have taken over. 4) These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area has led to a reinterpretation of the United States past.
5) In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building’s basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary. (356 words)
Notes: archaeology考古学； take a back seat 退居次要地位；die down 逐渐减弱；embark on从事，着手，开始工作； take over接收，接办，接任；seek to do sth. 试图做某事；promise n. 有希望，有前途；stash vt. 隐藏；to the contrary （作表语或后置定语）相反的。supposedly 按照推定，想象上，恐怕。
IV. Writing
Directions: Your best friend Tom is going to Vancouver on business. Write a letter to your Canadian friend Henry to:
1) introduce your friend to this Canadian friend,
2) state your friend’s interests,
3) contact your friend if possible.
Letter of Introduction
Dear Henry,
My best friend Tom will be in Vancouver on business the week of April 10. He is director of marketing for a large carton manufacturer. 我认为，如果日程安排允许的话，你们会很高兴见面的。
I told Tom you are doing research for a textbook on the use of graphics designs in advertising. 汤姆对你研究的项目很感兴趣而且想知道它怎样用于包装盒，which his company makes and prints.
If you have the time, give him a call at 241-0310, Room 601. 我告诉他你可能那一周抽不出空，所以如果没有你的消息他也会理解的。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
作业：1. 认真复习本单元内容。 2. 从四个搭配的角度分析本单元完形填空练习。 3. 认真翻译“考古学”全文。
赠言：工作虽苦，贫穷更苦。（It may be hard to work, but it must be harder to want.）
选择搭配题参考译文
经济萧条造成了多麽大的影响啊！雇主们回到了司机的座位自己开车，想改行的人必须 重新学会游戏规则。作为一个经理代理人，我负责高级管理人员的职业安排，其中不少人从事的是技术行业，对于他们在职业上遇到的最艰难的挑战，我通常了如指掌。在我看来，求职者应该遵循以下几条新规则。
1． 十友规则：所有用人单位的管理人员都至少有10个失业朋友。 他们一般首先招请通讯录中的朋友来填补高级职位的空缺。因此， 建立和维持你的职业关系网十分重要—这就是你需要的提醒。 让自己的名字列入尽可能多的“十友名单”中。
2． 什麽洞打什麽桩：回顾过去那个人才匮乏的时代，公司为填补空缺的职位，往往雇佣一些几乎没有相关工作经验的职员。他们没有太多选择；只能祈求好运降临，盼望这样的人尽快熟悉并做好这份工作。
现在，用人单位的人事主管可以从工作经验与空缺职位完全相符的求职人员中挑选员工。 现在不是改行的好时机。
3． 让人需要你比让人雇佣你更容易：有一句昔日的格言说得好：“先把你的脚跨进门内。”不过，即使想那样做，现在也不容易。因为公司在雇用员工之前完全有条件对求职者进行仔细考察。有一个解决办法， 就是先和公司提供低风险、高回报的交易等。我的一个客户就与其公司达成一项为公司提供咨询服务的协议，并与公司共同承担风险，如果他能成功，他就会得到一份永久的工作。他的这种安排果然奏效了。提供咨询服务曾被认为是公司管理人员在人才市场上不得已的最后选择， 现在却成为求职的一种有效手段。
4． 学会自我欣赏：一位客户在求职面试时颇为沮丧，因为坐在对面负责面试的主管竟然是他以前的下属。其实，这样的事情屡见不鲜。 毕竟，在网络行业繁荣的时期，随着不少企业家型人才外流，那些留守员工往往加官进职—─很大程度上就是因为他们留下来没有跳槽。像乌龟和兔子赛跑一样，乌龟艰难地爬向终点却乐观自信。 在求职市场， 要摒弃傲慢，不要目中无人； 不要搞小动作。要摆正自己的位置； 至于你从前的下属， 你以后可以采取回避的方式对待， 不过要重新参与竞争，你必须首先回到队伍中。
贵在坚持：假如你失业了， 找人帮你仔细分析原因。对你的技能和经验进行评估， 积极推销自己， 设法找到适合自己的比较满意的工作—─即使薪水有所减少、职务有所降低也没关系。无论你有没有工作， 最重要的求职规则是完全一样的：要聪明机敏和坚持不懈地打造长久的合作伙伴关系， 恪守不屈不挠的职业道德。 不要坐等天上掉馅饼； 要自己去创造就业机会。
阅读欣赏 经济英语
Black Economic Development in Atlanta
Since the early 1970s, Atlanta has enjoyed the reputation as a mecca for black economic development. Perhaps the most significant boost to this image came when the city elected its first black Mayor, Maynard Jackson, who served two terms from 1974 to 1981, ushered in 18 years of black political leadership at city hall and helped create an environment in which the number of black-owned companies tripled, from 3961 in 1977 to 11804 firms today. Atlanta now ranks sixth among U.S. cities in the number of black-owned businesses.
In 1982, Jackson was succeeded by Andrew Young, who became the city’s second elected two-term black mayor. During the Young administration, Atlanta’s minority participation goal was increased to 35 percent on all city contracts. By this time, the city’s Minority and Female Business Enterprise (MFBE) program was a model for the nation – not only because it created greater access to public work, but because it paved the way for Atlanta’s minority-owned firms to do business in the private sector as well.
Between 1973 and 1988, the city of Atlanta awarded almost 1600 contracts to 612 minority-owned firms. The average value of those contracts was more than $300,000. During the same period, minority firms received 38 percent of the $283 million in joint-venture contracts awarded by the city.
“Fair government created an environment for success for all people, ” says Herman J. Russell, chairman and CEO of H.J. Russell & Co. “I was ready to take advantage of opportunities when the doors opened. That’s the key.” Russell, who started his construction empire in 1952, won $75.2 million in contracts through the city’s MFBE program between 1980 and 1990. In 1972, the company grossed $6 million; in 1991, it posted sales of $143.6 million.
Notes: mecca原为Mecca伊斯兰教圣地麦加，此处指“向往的地方”。 usher in 迎来。gross v. 总收入。post v. 公布。
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