4.注意下列以-ly结尾的是形容词:
costly, friendly, leisurely, lonely, likely, brotherly, monthly等。
5.以-ing结尾的分词转化来的形容词通常带有主动含义,多用来修饰物;以-ed分词转化来的形容词通常带有被动意义,多用来修饰人,修饰物时用来表示状态。
6.最高级形式应于比较范围内对应出现,关于比较范围请注意:
(1)最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。
in, (all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:in China, all over the world;of, among用于在同一群体同类事物内的比较,如:among the teachers, of the four dresses。
注意:among…相当于one of…,不说among all…,参见1996年辨错改错题(5)。
(2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:
any other+单数名词
the other+复数名词
the others
anyone/anything else
上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。
7.在改正对比成分不对称的错误时,经常用that或those代替比较内容,注意代词要与所指代的名词在数上一致。
8.注意习惯用语rather than, other than, no other than,虽然有than,但不是比较结构,不非得与比较级形容词同现。
比较结构历来是各层次英语语法测试的重点内容,仅1996年同等学力申请硕士学位英语统考中就占30%,考生应重点复习。
八、并列结构常见错误设置及答题思路
[常见错误]
1.混淆必须成对使用的并列连词。2.并列的成分不一致。3.成对的并列连词排列位置有错误,导致结构不结称。
例句:
Clearly, Japan is still not very well understood in (A) the west;what westerners do know (B) seems to be (C) either extremely negative nor (D) extremely positive.(1995年考题)
(答案:D or,混淆成对的连词)
At school (A) he found that he hated eating (B) in the dining room, studied (C) for (D) his chemistry class, and doing his laundry.(1995年考题)
(答案:C studying,并列成分在形式上不一致)
Failure to advertise could (A) result in either reduced (B) sales and less (C) profit nor (D) legal actions.(1996年考题)
(答案:D or,成对连词搭配不当)
Usually you will be more likely (A) to find insects if (B) you examine finertwigs rather than (C) the coarse (D) parts of trees.(1996年考题)
(答案:D coarser, rather than是连词,连接的成分在形式上不一致)
The new tenant in (A) the apartment was obviously (B) both suspicious (C) and interested in (D) his neighbors.(1995年考题)
(答案:C suspicious of,结构不对等)
The value of radar lies (A) in not (B) being a substitute for the eye (C) , but in doing what (D) the eye cannot do.
(答案:B not in,对等连词not…but…排列位置有误)
[辨错改错思路]
1.牢记下列成对的关联词必须同时出现,搭配使用,缺一换一均是错误的:
both…and…, not only…but(also)…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not…but…, whether…or…, prefer…to…, rather than
2.并列连词应连接句法功能相同的成分和分句,它们应尽可能保持相同词性、相同词形和相同结构,即都是形容词,或都是介词短语,或都是不定式,或都是动名词,或都是句子,否则是错误的。
3.对等关联词必须分别置于两个平行的并列成分之前,即放在两个谓语之前、或两个宾语之前、或两个主语之前等,否则是错误的。
4.如果并列连词连接的是两个不同形容词,且形容词后面又有不同的介词搭配,切记不要丢掉其中一个介词,否则是错误的。如1995年辨错改错题(9)。
九、从属结构常见错误设置及答题思路
[常见错误]
从属结构常见错误主要集中在误用关系代词和从属连词上。
1.利用考生的汉语思维方式,错用that引导非限定性定语从句。
2.误用because引导表示原因的表语从句。
3.在"介词+关系代词+定语从句"结构中漏掉或误用介词。
4.某些定语从句应用that引导而错用其他关系代词引导。
5.误用从属连词,使主从句形成错误的不合逻辑的语义关系。
例句:
In spite of (A) the ever-increasing exploitatin of natural resources, that (B) has now reached dangerous proportion, little (C) has been done on a world-wide (D) scale to slow down or stop this process.(1995年考题)
(答案:B which,只能用which引导非限定性定语从句)
The reason why (A) I came late for (B) the meeting was because (C) my car broke down (D) .
(答案:C that,此处不能用because引导表示原因的表语从句)
This is the most important respect which (A) civilized man (B) can be distinguished from (C) primitive communities (D) .
(答案:A in which,相当于in this respect)
Albert Einstein is one of (A) the greatest men who (B) have ever (C) been known to us (D) in the field of physics.
(答案:B that,先行词有最高级修饰,定语从句用that而不用其他关系代词引导)
This book costs (A) me five yuanAs (B) you have been a good friend to me, you may borrow it as far as (C) you keep it clean (D) .
(答案:C as long as,从属连词误用)
You should check (A) the air in the tyres (B) as (C) you start on (D) a long automobile trip.
(答案:C before,从属连词误用)
It (A) is because she is too (B) inexperienced therefore (C) she does not know how (D) to deal with the situation.
(答案:C that,强调句结构:It is…that…)
There are two spare rooms in the building, neither (A) of them (B) has (C) been provided with (D) modern facilities.
(答案:B which,非限定性定语从句)
[辨错思路]
1.与汉语不同,英语中两个句子之间一般说来不能用逗号连接,而要根据语义的不同,用适当的连词或关系代词使它们形成从属或并列关系。因此,当题句包含不止一个句子时,考生就应审查一下,看它们之间是否有连接手段,如果没有,就是错误的,如例句1和例句8。
2.非限定性定语从句前面有逗号标志,先行词是物或前面整个句子时,关系代词用which,如果是人,用who或whom引导,据此,可判断出逗号后面一句由that或this开头是错的,应用which,如例句1和例句8。
3.如果主语是reason,表语就不能再用because引导,要用that,否则意思重叠,所以当because划有横线时,考生就要分析一下用得对否。
4.记住:关系代词一定要在从句中充当某种成分,即主语、宾语、表语或定语,如果从句中主宾成分齐全,便可断定关系代词在从句中是作状语,而状语通常用介词短语充当,于是可以得知,关系代词前面应有介词,如果题句中没有,就是错的,再根据与名词词组的搭配选择合适的介词。
5.如果关系代词在从句中充当宾语,而从句中谓语又是非及物动词,考生则要观察一下动词后是否有介词使其具有及物作用(此处介词漏掉是常见错误之一),如果没有,再看关系代词前是否有介词,如果也没有,就是错误的。若关系代词划有横线,要在其前加上介词;若动词划有横线,则在动词后加上介词,注意与动词的搭配。
6.关系代词whose在从句中作定语,修饰名词。所以,如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词,且关系代词又划有横线,不在从句中作宾语,那么,这个关系代词就应该是whose。
7.如果定语从句没有先行词,那么这个关系代词就应该是what,否则是错误的;反之,关系代词是what,又有先行词,那么也是错误的。
[改错要领]
1.先行词是all, one, much, little, some, those, few, a few, anything, everything, nothing,或先行词受any, no, only, the same, very,或受形容词最高级、序数词修饰,关系代词无论指人还是指物都用that。
2.as和which引导非限定性定语从句,指代前面整个主句时,其区别是:
如果主句在前,用which/as都可以;
如果主句在后,只能用as, as还可插在主句中间。
3.下列关系代词不需要先行词:
what, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever。
4.下列副词和名词词组可以起连接词作用:
immediately, directly, instantly;
each/every time, the first time, last/next time。
5.注意unless一词本身具有否定意义,相当于if…not…,不易被考生掌握,尤其要引起重视。
6.下列连接词语在辨错改错题中经常互为正确与错误设置,即应该是其一,设置成其二;应该是其二,设置成其一:
that--which
who--whom
as far as--as long as
so far as--so long as
such…that--such…as
unless--if