同等学力申硕英语指南--辨别改错(五)

  不详 /2005-10-23

五、一致关系常见错误设置及答题思路
  [常见错误]
  一致关系包括主语与谓语、代词与所指代的名词在人称和数上要保持一致两个方面。
  1.主语是单数,谓语却是复数形式,或反之,主谓不一致的错误常出现在下列结构中:
  ①主谓倒装结构;
  ②主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰,所以距离较远,考生易误认主语;
  ③动名词短语或不定式短语作主语;
  ④主语带有with或such as等附加成分;
  ⑤关系代词作主语的定语从句;
  ⑥某些固定结构。
  2.代词与所指代的名词不一致的错误常常是:
  ①在数上不一致;
  ②在人称上不一致;
  ③在格上不一致;
  ④出现在从属结构中。
  例句:
  On each (A) side of the highway was (B) hundreds of billboards advertising (C) everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit (D) and bedspreads.(1995年考题) 
  (答案:B were,倒装结构,主语是hundreds of…) 
  The amount of pressure (A) which (B) the materials are subject (C) to affect (D) the quality of the products. 
  (答案:D affects,主语与谓语之间有较长修饰语) 
  Transforming (A) raw materials into (B) useful products are (C) called manufacturing (D) . 
  (答案:C is,主语是动名词短语) 
  The dean of the college together with some other (A) faculty members are planning (B) a conference for the purpose of (C) laying down certain (D) regulations. 
  (答案:B is planning,主语有附加语) 
  There are many valuable services (A) which the public are (B) willing to pay for, but which (C) does not (D) bring a return in money to the community. 
  (答案:D do not,第二个关系代词which作主语,先行词是services) 
  One of the world's largest (A) salt mines lie (B) directly under (C) rhe city (D) of Detroit. 
  (答案:B lies,主语是one) 
  George is one (A) of the graduate students who (B) has (C) got a part time (D) job. 
  (答案:C have,与先行词students一致) 
  Mr.Wang is the only one (A) of the teachers in (B) our university who (C) own (D) a car. 
  (答案:D owns,与先行词one一致) 
  注意:上面三个带one的句子对谓语数的影响。
  Many a (A) problem concerning the agricultural production (B) have been (C) solved this way (D) . 
  (答案:C has been,与a problem在语法上一致) 
  It was during the 1920's that (A) the friendship between (B) the two American writers Heminingway and Fitzgerald reached their (C) highest (D) point. 
  (答案:C its,指代friendship,在数上一致) 
  Each cigarette which a person smokes does (A) some (B) harm, and eventually you (C) may get a serious disease from its (D) effect. 
  (答案:C he,指代a person,在人称上一致) 
  It is required by law that a husband have to pay (A) the debts of his wife until (B) formal notice is given that (C) he no longer has to pay her (D) . 
  (答案:D to pay them,指代debts,在人称和数上一致) 
  His achievements have earned him (A) respect from (B) both his colleagues and those (C) whose positions are higher than he (D) . 
  (答案:D his,指代his position,在格上一致) 
  [辨错思路]
  1.一般说来,测试主谓一致的试题主语都有修饰语或附加成分,因此,考生应仔细阅读句子,找出主语、谓语。如果谓语划有横线,就应考虑是否存在主谓不一致的错误。
  2.主谓不一致错误的特点之一是,如果谓语应是单数,谓语前面的名词往往是复数;如果谓语应是复数,谓语前面的名词往往是单数(如1995年辨错改错题5),以形成假象,增大辨错难度。
  3.在倒装结构中测试主谓一致的试题往往是表示地点的短语放置句首,谓语是表示状态的动词be, lie, stand, stay等,考生在辨错时注意这一规律。
  4.如果作主语的名词既可表示单数又可表示复数意义,考生应善于利用句中出现的代词、限定词或数词等暗示来判断题句中主语表示的数的概念,进而分析谓语动词是否有误。
  5.一个句子含有不止一个名词时,要分辨代词是否正确,关键是要搞清楚指代对象,然后再进一步分析是否在性、数、格、人称上与指代对象一致。
  [改错要领]
  在纠正一致关系错误时,除了了解一般的单复数概念外,还应掌握下列各特殊情况。
  1.貌似单数、实是复数的词,包括data等不规则变化的复数名词,和只用作复数意义的词如police以及根据情况有时用作复数意义的集合名词如committee。
  2.貌似复数、实是单数的名词,包括表示学科的词如politics;固定复数形式的词如means, series, species等。
  注意:上面两种情况切不可望形生义。
  3.动名词短语、不定式短语和名词从句作主语时,谓语用单数,如果用and连接上述相同的两个成分时,谓语则用复数。
  4.主语带有as well as, accompanied by等附加成分时,该主语的数不受附加成分的影响。
  5.两组结构相同但先行词不同导致从句中谓语数之不同的情况:
  one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是复数名词,从句中谓语用复数。
  the only one+复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是one,从句中谓语用单数。
  6.两组用法易混淆的含of的短语作主语时,谓语的数视名词的冠词而变:是不定冠词a,用复数;是定冠词the,用单数。
  a number of…一些…
  the number of……的数量
  a variety of……各种各样的…
  注意:the majority of+复数名词, "…的大多数",谓语用复数。
  7.四组并列连词连接的主语,其谓语动词的单复数取决于靠近动词的主语:
  either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, or。
  8.三个固定用法的谓语的数单纯取决于主语数的形式,而不考虑主语数的实际意义:
  many a+单数名词谓语用单数
  more than one+单数名词谓语用单数
  a great 
  good many+复数名词谓语用复数
  9.由each, every修饰的名词,用第三人称单数指代。
  10."those of+人称代词"构成短语时,指代短语的代词与短语中人称代词保持一致:
  those of us our 
  those of you your 
  11.注意it is的缩写形式it's与代词it的所有格形式its的区别,参见样题辨错改错(9)。
  六、倒装结构常见错误设置及答题思路
  [常见错误]
  1.虚拟语气条件从句省略了连词if,主谓应倒装而未倒装。
  2.句中含有要求必须倒装的词或句型,句子却用正常语序。
  3.有的已倒装结构中采用助动词前置后,动词没有作相应变化。
  4.在no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句中其后的形容词、副词没有随其移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。
  5.在the more引导的比较从句中,其所修饰的名词没有随之移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。6.疑问词引导的名词从句不应倒装而倒装。 

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