研究生同等学力申请硕士学位英语应试指南——（辨别、改错）

启航学校启航学校 /2005-10-23

辨错改错部分是在职人员英语水平考试中唯一测试语法内容的单项。它主要测试考生对英语基本句型、句子结构和语法知识的熟悉和掌握程度, 考察考生辨认并改正语言知识在运用时出现的各种错误的能力。此部分共10题, 每题1分(辨错与改错各05分), 考试时间为10分钟。要想能够准确快捷地答题, 考生除了全面牢固地掌握语法知识外, 还应了解试题的命题意图, 常见错误设置, 辨错思路及改错要领。

一、时态语态常见错误设置及答题思路

［常见错误］
1.句中动词(含谓语、非谓语)时态形式与所给或暗示的时间状语不一致；
2.应用被动语态而错用了主动语态, 此错常设置在非谓语动词中；
3.将没有进行时、表示动作结果的感官动词误用进行时；
4.将非及物动词误用被动语态。
例句：
The changes that took (A) place in air travel during (B) the last sixty years would have seemed (C) completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at (D) the turn of the 19th century.
(答案：A have taken, 因与during the last sixty years 不一致)
With (A) production having gone (B) up steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing (C) supply of (D) raw materials.
(答案：B going, 因与句中steadily, needs暗示的时间不一致)
The idea that (A) learning is a (B) lifelong process has expressed (C) by philosophers and educationalists throughout (D) the centuries.
(答案：C has been expressed, 应为被动语态)
Not too many (A) years ago (B) my mother jogged in the alley behind our house because she was embarrassed to see (C) jogging in public (D) .
(答案：C to be seen, 应为被动语态)
He was seeing (A) somebody creeping (B) into the house through (C) the open (D) window last night.
(答案：A saw, 表示结果的感官动词没有进行时)
If it doesn′t (A) rain within (B) the next few weeks, the crops (C) will have to be watered if they are to be survived (D) .
(答案：D to survive, survive此处为非及物动词)

［辨错思路］
如果句中动词划有横线, 考生就应分析一下是否时态有错误, 即动词的时态形式是否与句中给出的或暗示的时间状语相呼应；动词的语态形式与所涉及的人或物的关系是施动还是受动, 是受动关系就要用被动式。

［改错要领］
1.掌握与某个特定时态连用的时间状语。
与现在时连用的时间状语有：every day, always, usually, sometimes, twice a week, often等；
与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：recently, lately, since, already, so far, these days, for, yet, in (over, during)the last(past)two years(months, weeks)等；
与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by 2000(the end of this year), up to 21st century, when从句等；
与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by(up to)1960(或其他过去时间), between 1914 and 1945(或其他过去时间)。
2.注意不同时态的配合与呼应。
主句是将来时, 从句可以是现在完成时, 一般现在时；
主句是过去时, 从句可以是过去进行时, 过去完成时, 一般过去时, 过去将来时。
3.熟悉时态替代的用法。
从句在表示将来时间概念时, 视情况用一般现在时或现在进行时替代；从句表示将来完成时的概念时, 用现在完成时替代；go, come, leave的过去进行时可以替代过去将来时。
4.测试谓语动词时态的试题常同时测试主谓一致关系或语态, 在答题时应全面考虑。
5.动词短语作谓语的被动语态句中, 注意不要将介词丢掉；如样题辨错改错部分(1)。

二、虚拟语气常见错误设置及答题思路

［常见错误］
1.规范搭配的主从句动词形式有一个有错误。
2.主句和从句的动词形式与各自发生的时间不相对应。
3.在省略if采用倒装表示虚拟的结构中, 主句谓语动词没有用虚拟形式, 或主句动词是虚拟形式, 但从句倒装有误。
4.在用介词短语、并列分句或分词等其他方式表示虚拟条件的句子中, 谓语动词没有采用虚拟形式。
5.一些表达命令、建议、愿望意义的词后接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句或同位语从句时, 从句中动词没有采用(should+)动词原形。
例句：
If the police would have (A) arrived (B) earlier, he would have (C) seen (D) the accident.
(答案：A had, 与过去事实相反, 从句用had done)
Had paul received (A) six more (B) votes in the last election, he would have been (C) our chairman (D) now.
(答案：C would be, 时间状语now表示主句与现在事实相反)
The demand for (A) electricity can (B) not readily be met were it not (C) for another source of (D) energy-nuclear power.
(答案：B could, 表示非真实的假设)
Victor obviously (A) doesn′t know what′s happened (B) ;otherwise he didn′t make (C) such a (D) stupid remark.
(答案：C wouldn′t have made, otherwise连接虚拟分句)
Without (A) the friction between their (B) feet and the ground, people will (C) in no way (D) be able to walk.
(答案：C would, 介词without引导虚拟条件)
So great (A) was (B) the influence of Thomas paine on (C) his own time that John Adams suggested that the era was called (D) “The Age of Paine”.
(答案：D be called, suggest后接宾语从句, 其谓语应用动词原形)
Emphasis is laid on (A) the necessity that all the objectives to be attained (B) take into (C) account before starting (D) a new project.
(答案：C be taken into, necessity后接同位语从句, 其谓语应用动词原形)
It (A) is essential that (B) all these figures are to be (C) checked twice (D) .
(答案：C be, 形容词essential要求其主语从句的谓语用动词原形)

［辨错思路］
注意查找句中表示虚拟语气的线索和信号：
1.如果试题中出现连词if, 应仔细研究句子的语义, 分辨它引导的是真实条件, 还是虚拟条件, 如果是表示假定的虚拟语气意义, 则看一下主、从句中的谓语动词是否采用了相应的形式。
2.看到一个句子时, 一定要弄明白句中条件和结果两部分的时间所指, 再看谓语动词形式是否与所指时间一致。
3.观察题句中是否出现表示建议、命令、意愿的词语(无论是动词、还是其派生出的形容词、名词), 审查后接that从句中谓语是否用(should+)动词原形。
4.如果题句中出现主谓部分倒装结构, 或without, but for等介词, 则应考虑到它们有可能引导虚拟条件。
5.在确定谓语虚拟语气形式正确与否的同时, 还要留意语态是否有误。

［改错要领］
1.熟记英语虚拟语气的主从句常规搭配形式：

假设类型
从句谓语动词形式
主句谓语动词形式

与现在事实相反
动词过去式(Be动词were)
would+动词原形

与过去事实相反
had+过去分词
would have+过去分词

与将来事实相反
should+动词原形
were to+动词原形
would+动词原形

2.熟记下列表示命令、意愿、建议的动词作谓语时, 其宾语从句动词要求用原形：
advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, maintain, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge.
3.熟记下列形容词后接that从句时, 从句中谓语动词需用原形：
advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, preferable, vital, natural.
4.熟记下列名词后接that从句时, 从句中谓语动词需用原形：
advice, command, demand, importance, insistance, motion, necessity, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion, wish, condition, decision.
5.除if外, 下列连词(或相当于连词)引导状语从句时, 从句中谓语动词有时要用虚拟形式：
even if, even though, as if, as though, lest, for fear that, in case, suppose, supposing.
6.下列介词和副词常用来引导让步假设和转折假设：
but for, without/with, otherwise, but, or else.
7.下列固定句型需使用虚拟语气：
…would rather that…动词过去式/过去完成式…
It is(high)time that…动词过去式…
If only…动词过去式/过去完成式
If it were/had been not for…

三、情态动词常见错误设置及答题思路

［常见错误］
1.考情态动词表达推断、预测的逻辑意义。
2.考“情态动词＋动词完成式”表达的虚拟意义。
所设置的错误通常出现在情态动词后接的动词形式上, 即是接不定式的一般式, 还是接不定式的完成式。
例句：
That small country at one time (A) must be (B) prosperous, for (C) it enjoyed a high level (D) of civilization.
(答案：B must have been, 表示对过去的肯定推测)
In a (A) way I agree with you, but I think (B) you could present (C) your arguement in a much better (D) way.
(答案：C could have presented, 表示“本来可以…”但实际没有做的虚拟意义)
I regret having left (A) the work unfinished (B) ;I should plan (C) everything ahead (D) carefully.
(答案：C should have planned, 表示“本应该做”而实际未做的虚拟意义)
A piece of evidence shows (A) that life may exist (B) on earth (C) 38 billion years ago (D) .
(答案：B may have existed, 表示根据逻辑推理对过去事情作出的可能性推测)
I got up early (A) but I didn′t need to do (B) so, because (C) I had no work to do (D) that morning.
(答案：B needn′t have done, 表示做了不必做的事)
He knew (A) that she mustn′t have taken (B) the book as (C) she hadn′t been (D) in the house at that time.
(答案：B couldn′t have taken, 表示对过去的否定推测)

［辨错思路］
反复阅读题句, 正确理解句子的含义, 确定其表达推测、判断的语气是强烈还是缓和(委婉), 语义是禁止、允许、劝阻、警告、评论还是惋惜, 据此辨别句中划线的情态动词用词是否准确, 所接动词形式是否符合语义要求, 从而找出错误所在。从以往试题来看, 有关情态动词的错误大都设置在该接动词完成式而误用一般式, 请考生注意这一点。

［改错要领］
把握不同的情态动词加动词不定式完成式表示的各种意义：
1.must have+过去分词, 表示对过去情况的强烈肯定推测, 译为“(昨天)一定…”。
2.can′t/couldn′t have+过去分词, 表示对过去情况的强烈否定推测, 译为“(昨天)一定没…”。
3.may/might have+过去分词, 表示对已发生的事情作不肯定、可能性很小的推测, 或事实上根本没发生, 译为“也许…”。
4.needn′t have+过去分词, 表示作了不必做的事, 译为“其实没必要…”。
5.should(n′t)have+过去分词, 表示应该做其事, 但实际上未做或不应该做但实际上做了, 译为“本(不)应该…”。
6.ought to have+过去分词, 表示动作按理该发生了, 译为“该…”。
7.could have+过去分词, 表示过去本来可以做, 但却未做, 译为“完全可以…”。
注意下面几个情态动词的习惯用法：
had better do…(没有不定式符号to)
had better not do…(not的位置不在had后面)
would like to do…(带to)
would not like to do…(注意not的位置)
used to do…(to后接动词原形, 不是 ing形式)

四、非谓语动词常见错误设置及答题思路

［常见错误］
1.该用不定式作宾语而错用了动名词, 或反之。
2.该用不定式完成式而错用了一般式。
3.该用不定式或动名词被动态而错用了主动态。
4.该用过去分词而错用了现在分词。
5.分词放在句首时, 其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致, 构成垂悬分词的错误。
例句：
Not too many (A) years ago (B) , my mother jogged in the alley behind our house because she was embarrassed to see (C) jogging in public (D) .
(答案：C to be seen, 与she是受动关系)
You will (A) almost always find (B) Caroline playing (C) a video game because she enjoys to be challenged (D) .
(答案：D being challenged, enjoy要求动名词作宾语)
When the tank car carried (A) the poisonous gas ran off (B) the rails, the firemen tried to isolate the village from (C) all traffic (D) .
(答案：A carrying, 与逻辑主语car为施动关系, 即“车载着…”)
People cannot but (A) feel puzzling (B) , for they simply cannot (C) understand how he could have made (D) such a stupid mistake.
(答案：B puzzled, 过去分词表示承受动作后所处的状态)
Mr.Jankin regretted to blame (A) his secretary for (B) the mistake, for (C) he later discovered (D) it was his own fault.
(答案：A having blamed, 此处regret要求接动名词, 其完成式表明blame发生在regret之前)
When I consider how talented he is (A) as a painter (B) , I cannot help but believing (C) that the public (D) will appreciate his gift.
(答案：C believe, 习惯用法cannot help but do)
The bank is reported (A) in the (B) local newspaper to be robbed (C) in broad (D) daylight yesterday.
(答案：C to have been robbed, yesterday是修饰不定式的, 用完成式表示动作已发生)
Using (A) English as a tool, some data (B) may be collected (C) for (D) the research work.
(答案：A 可以考虑改为If we use, 全句最好改为If we use English as a tool, we can collect some data for the research work.句子的主语data不可能作分词using的逻辑主语)

［辨错思路］
1.首先要分辨动词的谓语形式与非谓语形式。如果题句中有两个动词形式划有横线, 考生要分析句子的结构和语义, 判断出哪个是谓语, 哪个是非谓语, 因为一个简单句或分句中不可能出现两个彼此间无连词连接的谓语。
2.在判定某个动词形式应为非谓语后, 要辨别其应当是不定式, 还是-ing形式或-ed分词。
3.在确定某一非谓语形式后, 还要审查其时态语态是否有误；一般说来, 已经发生了的动作用完成式, 与逻辑主语的关系是受动, 用被动态或过去分词。
4.注意非谓语动词的否定式是将否定词置于非谓语动词之前；据此判断否定词的位置是否有误。
5.观察分析句中的时间状语是修饰谓语动词, 还是修饰非谓语动词, 如果是后者, 辨其时态是否有误。
6.不定式和分词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语, 否则不定式的逻辑主语应视情况用for, of引导, 分词应有自己的逻辑主语, 据此判断是否存在垂悬分词的错误。

［改错要领］
1.注意动词的不同接续要求。下列动词要求接不定式作宾语：
afford, agree, attempt, decide, fail, manage, expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, refuse, tend, pretend, ask, claim, offer, determine, arrange.
2.熟记下列动词要求接动名词作宾语：
acknowledge, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, hate, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favour, finish, include, resent, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resist, stand, risk.
3.掌握某些动词不同接续要求的不同含义：
forget to do sth. 忘记了去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记已做了某事

remember to do sth. 记住要去做某事
remember doing sth.记住了已做某事

stop to do sth.停下去做某事
stop doing sth. 停下在做的某事

regret to tell(say, announce)sb. 遗憾地告诉某人…
regret doing sth. 对已做了的事表示后悔、遗憾

try to do sth. 试图去做某事
try doing sth. 试着做了某事

mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing 意味着…

4.注意下列短语中的to是介词, 后面应接动名词：
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be committed to, be exposed to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be contrary to, with regard to, with a view to, as to, in contrast to
5.注意下列后接动名词的习惯用法：
① Its no use doing…但是：Its of no use to do …
good
picnic
fun
② It is useless doing…
senseless
nuisance
worthwhile
③ There is no use(in)doing…
point
sense
harm
④ have difficulty doing…
trouble
problem
⑤ have a good time doing…
hard
difficult
⑥ spend(time)
wastedoing…
⑦ be worth doing…
busy
⑧ feel like doing…
⑨ can′t help doing…
6.下列习惯用语中都带有but, 后面都接不带to的不定式：
can not help but do…
can not but do…
can do nothing but do…
can not choose but do…
can not do anything but do…
但是：have nochoice but to do …
alternative
7.下列动词、介词后接动名词具有主动形式、被动含义, 注意不要再用动名词被动态：
sth. be worth doing 比较：It′s worthwhile doing sth.
past
beyond
sth. need doing
want
require
demand
bear
deserve

五、一致关系常见错误设置及答题思路

［常见错误］
一致关系包括主语与谓语、代词与所指代的名词在人称和数上要保持一致两个方面。
1.主语是单数, 谓语却是复数形式, 或反之, 主谓不一致的错误常出现在下列结构中：
①主谓倒装结构；
②主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰, 所以距离较远, 考生易误认主语；
③动名词短语或不定式短语作主语；
④主语带有with或such as等附加成分；
⑤关系代词作主语的定语从句；
⑥某些固定结构。
2.代词与所指代的名词不一致的错误常常是：
①在数上不一致；
②在人称上不一致；
③在格上不一致；
④出现在从属结构中。
例句：
On each (A) side of the highway was (B) hundreds of billboards advertising (C) everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit (D) and bedspreads.(1995年考题)
(答案：B were, 倒装结构, 主语是hundreds of…)
The amount of pressure (A) which (B) the materials are subject (C) to affect (D) the quality of the products.
(答案：D affects, 主语与谓语之间有较长修饰语)
Transforming (A) raw materials into (B) useful products are (C) called manufacturing (D) .
(答案：C is, 主语是动名词短语)
The dean of the college together with some other (A) faculty members are planning (B) a conference for the purpose of (C) laying down certain (D) regulations.
(答案：B is planning, 主语有附加语)
There are many valuable services (A) which the public are (B) willing to pay for, but which (C) does not (D) bring a return in money to the community.
(答案：D do not, 第二个关系代词which作主语, 先行词是services)
One of the world′s largest (A) salt mines lie (B) directly under (C) rhe city (D) of Detroit.
(答案：B lies, 主语是one)
George is one (A) of the graduate students who (B) has (C) got a part time (D) job.
(答案：C have, 与先行词students一致)
Mr.Wang is the only one (A) of the teachers in (B) our university who (C) own (D) a car.
(答案：D owns, 与先行词one一致)
注意：上面三个带one的句子对谓语数的影响。
Many a (A) problem concerning the agricultural production (B) have been (C) solved this way (D) .
(答案：C has been, 与a problem在语法上一致)
It was during the 1920′s that (A) the friendship between (B) the two American writers Heminingway and Fitzgerald reached their (C) highest (D) point.
(答案：C its, 指代friendship, 在数上一致)
Each cigarette which a person smokes does (A) some (B) harm, and eventually you (C) may get a serious disease from its (D) effect.
(答案：C he, 指代a person, 在人称上一致)
It is required by law that a husband have to pay (A) the debts of his wife until (B) formal notice is given that (C) he no longer has to pay her (D) .
(答案：D to pay them, 指代debts, 在人称和数上一致)
His achievements have earned him (A) respect from (B) both his colleagues and those (C) whose positions are higher than he (D) .
(答案：D his, 指代his position, 在格上一致)

［辨错思路］
1.一般说来, 测试主谓一致的试题主语都有修饰语或附加成分, 因此, 考生应仔细阅读句子, 找出主语、谓语。如果谓语划有横线, 就应考虑是否存在主谓不一致的错误。
2.主谓不一致错误的特点之一是, 如果谓语应是单数, 谓语前面的名词往往是复数；如果谓语应是复数, 谓语前面的名词往往是单数(如1995年辨错改错题5), 以形成假象, 增大辨错难度。
3.在倒装结构中测试主谓一致的试题往往是表示地点的短语放置句首, 谓语是表示状态的动词be, lie, stand, stay等, 考生在辨错时注意这一规律。
4.如果作主语的名词既可表示单数又可表示复数意义, 考生应善于利用句中出现的代词、限定词或数词等暗示来判断题句中主语表示的数的概念, 进而分析谓语动词是否有误。
5.一个句子含有不止一个名词时, 要分辨代词是否正确, 关键是要搞清楚指代对象, 然后再进一步分析是否在性、数、格、人称上与指代对象一致。

［改错要领］
在纠正一致关系错误时, 除了了解一般的单复数概念外, 还应掌握下列各特殊情况。
1.貌似单数、实是复数的词, 包括data等不规则变化的复数名词, 和只用作复数意义的词如police以及根据情况有时用作复数意义的集合名词如committee。
2.貌似复数、实是单数的名词, 包括表示学科的词如politics；固定复数形式的词如means, series, species等。
注意：上面两种情况切不可望形生义。
3.动名词短语、不定式短语和名词从句作主语时, 谓语用单数, 如果用and连接上述相同的两个成分时, 谓语则用复数。
4.主语带有as well as, accompanied by等附加成分时, 该主语的数不受附加成分的影响。
5.两组结构相同但先行词不同导致从句中谓语数之不同的情况：
one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句, 先行词是复数名词, 从句中谓语用复数。
the only one+复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句, 先行词是one, 从句中谓语用单数。
6.两组用法易混淆的含of的短语作主语时, 谓语的数视名词的冠词而变：是不定冠词a, 用复数；是定冠词the, 用单数。
a number of… 一些…
the number of… …的数量
a variety of… …各种各样的…
the variety of… …的种类
注意：the majority of+复数名词, “…的大多数”, 谓语用复数。
7.四组并列连词连接的主语, 其谓语动词的单复数取决于靠近动词的主语：
either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, or。
8.三个固定用法的谓语的数单纯取决于主语数的形式, 而不考虑主语数的实际意义：
many a+单数名词谓语用单数
more than one+单数名词谓语用单数
agreat
good many+复数名词谓语用复数
9.由each, every修饰的名词, 用第三人称单数指代。
10.“those of+人称代词”构成短语时, 指代短语的代词与短语中人称代词保持一致：
those of us our
those of you your
11.注意it is的缩写形式it′s与代词it的所有格形式its的区别, 参见样题辨错改错(9)。

六、倒装结构常见错误设置及答题思路

［常见错误］
1.虚拟语气条件从句省略了连词if, 主谓应倒装而未倒装。
2.句中含有要求必须倒装的词或句型, 句子却用正常语序。
3.有的已倒装结构中采用助动词前置后, 动词没有作相应变化。
4.在no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句中其后的形容词、副词没有随其移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。
5.在the more引导的比较从句中, 其所修饰的名词没有随之移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。
6.疑问词引导的名词从句不应倒装而倒装。
例句：
There is a real possibility (A) that (B) these animals could (C) be frightened, there should (D) be a loud moise.
(答案：D should there, 虚拟条件句省略if)
Suddenly, Gallup′s name was on everyone′s lips (A) ;not only he was (B) the prophet of the moment, but (C) it was generally believed that he had founded a new (D) and most important method of prediction.(1996年考题)
(答案：B was he, not only置于分句首, 谓语动词应倒装)
Little did we expected (A) that he would (B) fulfil (C) his task so rapidly (D) .
(答案：A expect, 前面已有助动词did)
Many people take it (A) for granted (B) that the more one has children (C) , the more secure one′s late years (D) will be.
(答案：C children one has, the more…the more结构)
However (A) he tried hard (B) , he still (C) failed in (D) the entrance exam.
(答案：B 移至however之后)
Why should he (A) have gone (B) to the free trade zone I don′t know;but he did go (C) , remaining (D) away the whole day.
(答案：A he should, 疑问词引导名词性从句)

［辨错思路］
1.如果两个句子之间没有连接词而使其构成并列或从属结构, 就要分析一下其中之一是否是省略了if采用倒装的虚拟条件句。
2.如果试题句子起首部分出现了某些要求倒装结构的词语, 则应进一步观察句内结构是否已按规则调整。
3.切记however, no matter how, more几个词的共性是修饰语, 必须放在所修饰的词前面, 决不能将它们与所修饰的词分开。
4.以wh-开头的句子不都是疑问句(可以通过标点符号判断), 而恰恰更多的是名词性从句, 语序应为陈述句语序。
5.注意观察已倒装结构中谓语动词在人称、数上是否与主语一致, 时态是否与句子所提供的时间概念吻合。

［改错要领］
熟悉下列出现在句首、要求句子结构倒装的词和句型是做好此类试题的关键。
1.以否定词和具有否定意义的词组开头的句子：
no, not, neither, nor, never, nowhere；
little, seldom, barely, hardly, scarcely, rarely;
no longer, no less, no more, no sooner…than；
not until, even less, not once, not only…;
under no circumtances, in no way, by no means, invain, on no account, at no time, at hardly any place.
2.以only+状语(副词、介词短语、从句)起首的句子：
only then, only at that time, only once…;
only in this way, only with…, only through…, only by…;
only when…, only after….only because….
3.以某些程度副词开头的句子：
often, so, well.
4.以such或短语开头的句子：
to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, etc.
5.以as引导让步状语从句时, 从句中状语或表语要放在as前。
6.某些表示方向、位置的副词开头的句子, 主谓要全部颠倒：
out, down, up, in, ….

七、形容词、副词和比较结构常见错误设置及答题思路

［常见错误］
1.误用-ly副词作系动词表语或宾语补足语(见1996年考题4)。
2.混用由-ing分词和-ed分词转化的两种形容词。
3.误用形容词修饰形容词或分词。
4.误将没有比较级形式的形容词用于比较级形式。
5.比较结构有误, 即原级比较结构与比较级结构混在一起使用, 或比较级形容词用于as…as…结构, 原级形容词用于…than…结构。
6.比较对象不一致, 即不是同类事物相比较。
例句：
A Four-year (A) study by the Infant Testing Center suggests that babies (B) feel more comfortably (C) around other (D) babies than with adults.
(答案：C comfortable, 形容词作表语)
We found the poetry quite pleased (a) in form (B) ；I had (C) never seen one like it (D) before.
(答案：A pleasing, 此处应用-ing分词)
If (A) you want a real (B) effective stereo that plays (C) music clearly, you d better buy (D) a graphic equalizer.(1995年考题)
(答案：B really, 副词修饰形容词)
His method of doing (A) research work is hardly (B) appreciated;he feels (C) more inferior than (D) others.
(答案：D inferior to, inferior没有比较级形式)
On the whole (A) , ambitious students are much likely (B) to succeed in their studies than are those (C) with (D) little ambition.
(答案：B more likely, 应用比较级形式, 与句中than对应)
Despite (A) this similarity with other (B) creatures, the evolution of humankind differs from other species (C) in one (D) important and unique way.(1996年考题)
(答案：C that of other species, 比较对象应一致)

［辨错思路］
1.如果题句中形容词或副词划有横线, 作为选择项, 考生应当马上反应到是否其用法有错误, 然后根据句中提供的其他信息判断是副词修饰形容词方面有错误、形容词作表语、补语方面有错误, 还是比较结构、比较对象有错误。
2.一般说来, 句中有形容词、副词比较级形式就应该有比较连词, 反之亦然, 因为more…than…是连在一起使用的对应结构, 只有其一, 没有其二是错误的。据此即便不懂得句子的意思, 也能辨别出结构错误。
3.同样, as…as…是与形容词、副词原级一起出现的对应结构, 因此, 如果句中有原级形容词又有比较连词than, 就是错误的；反过来, 形容词比较级形式如出现在as…as…结构中也是错误的。
4.在同级比较结构中so总是用于否定句中, 即…not so…as…, 如句中出现了so+形容词+as…结构, 考生就应去寻找否定词not, 如果没有, 就应分析一下是否应是肯定句结构as…as…, 如1996年辨错改错题(2)。
5.如果确认结构上没有错误, 考生应仔细推敲句子语义, 弄清是谁跟谁在作比较, 比较对象是否一致, 对比成分是否采用相同形式。
6.如果句中出现最高级形式-est或most…, 却没有比较范围, 或者最高级形式与than用在一起, 都是错误的。

［改错要领］
1.牢固掌握最基本的比较结构句型。
2.下列形容词没有比较级形式, 表示比较时后面用to, 不用than：
inferior minor senior prior
superiormajorjuniorpreferable
3.注意下列受副词修饰的形容词的位置：
so
as
too
how
however+形容词+a+单数可数名词
如：too large a room
such
what
quite
rather+a+形容词+单数可数名词
如：quite a large room
4.注意下列以-ly结尾的是形容词：
costly, friendly, leisurely, lonely, likely, brotherly, monthly等。
5.以-ing结尾的分词转化来的形容词通常带有主动含义, 多用来修饰物；以-ed分词转化来的形容词通常带有被动意义, 多用来修饰人, 修饰物时用来表示状态。
6.最高级形式应于比较范围内对应出现, 关于比较范围请注意：
(1)最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。
in, (all)over用于在某一范围内的比较, 如：in China, all over the world;of, among用于在同一群体同类事物内的比较, 如：among the teachers, of the four dresses。
注意：among…相当于one of…, 不说among all…, 参见1996年辨错改错题(5)。
(2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时, 比较对象的范围应用：
any other+单数名词
the other+复数名词
the others
anyone/anything else
上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语, 切不可遗漏, 否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。
7.在改正对比成分不对称的错误时, 经常用that或those代替比较内容, 注意代词要与所指代的名词在数上一致。
8.注意习惯用语rather than, other than, no other than, 虽然有than, 但不是比较结构, 不非得与比较级形容词同现。
比较结构历来是各层次英语语法测试的重点内容, 仅1996年同等学力申请硕士学位英语统考中就占30%, 考生应重点复习。

八、并列结构常见错误设置及答题思路

［常见错误］
1.混淆必须成对使用的并列连词。
2.并列的成分不一致。
3.成对的并列连词排列位置有错误, 导致结构不结称。
例句：
Clearly, Japan is still not very well understood in (A) the west;what westerners do know (B) seems to be (C) either extremely negative nor (D) extremely positive.(1995年考题)
(答案：D or, 混淆成对的连词)
At school (A) he found that he hated eating (B) in the dining room, studied (C) for (D) his chemistry class, and doing his laundry.(1995年考题)
(答案：C studying, 并列成分在形式上不一致)
Failure to advertise could (A) result in either reduced (B) sales and less (C) profit nor (D) legal actions.(1996年考题)
(答案：D or, 成对连词搭配不当)
Usually you will be more likely (A) to find insects if (B) you examine finertwigs rather than (C) the coarse (D) parts of trees.(1996年考题)
(答案：D coarser, rather than是连词, 连接的成分在形式上不一致)
The new tenant in (A) the apartment was obviously (B) both suspicious (C) and interested in (D) his neighbors.(1995年考题)
(答案：C suspicious of, 结构不对等)
The value of radar lies (A) in not (B) being a substitute for the eye (C) , but in doing what (D) the eye cannot do.
(答案：B not in, 对等连词not…but…排列位置有误)

［辨错改错思路］
1.牢记下列成对的关联词必须同时出现, 搭配使用, 缺一换一均是错误的：
both…and…, not only…but(also)…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not…but…, whether…or…, prefer…to…, rather than
2.并列连词应连接句法功能相同的成分和分句, 它们应尽可能保持相同词性、相同词形和相同结构, 即都是形容词, 或都是介词短语, 或都是不定式, 或都是动名词, 或都是句子, 否则是错误的。
3.对等关联词必须分别置于两个平行的并列成分之前, 即放在两个谓语之前、或两个宾语之前、或两个主语之前等, 否则是错误的。
4.如果并列连词连接的是两个不同形容词, 且形容词后面又有不同的介词搭配, 切记不要丢掉其中一个介词, 否则是错误的。如1995年辨错改错题(9)。

九、从属结构常见错误设置及答题思路

［常见错误］
从属结构常见错误主要集中在误用关系代词和从属连词上。
1.利用考生的汉语思维方式, 错用that引导非限定性定语从句。
2.误用because引导表示原因的表语从句。
3.在“介词＋关系代词＋定语从句”结构中漏掉或误用介词。
4.某些定语从句应用that引导而错用其他关系代词引导。
5.误用从属连词, 使主从句形成错误的不合逻辑的语义关系。
例句：
In spite of (A) the ever-increasing exploitatin of natural resources, that (B) has now reached dangerous proportion, little (C) has been done on a world-wide (D) scale to slow down or stop this process.(1995年考题)
(答案：B which, 只能用which引导非限定性定语从句)
The reason why (A) I came late for (B) the meeting was because (C) my car broke down (D) .
(答案：C that, 此处不能用because引导表示原因的表语从句)
This is the most important respect which (A) civilized man (B) can be distinguished from (C) primitive communities (D) .
(答案：A in which, 相当于in this respect)
Albert Einstein is one of (A) the greatest men who (B) have ever (C) been known to us (D) in the field of physics.
(答案：B that, 先行词有最高级修饰, 定语从句用that而不用其他关系代词引导)
This book costs (A) me five yuan As (B) you have been a good friend to me, you may borrow it as far as (C) you keep it clean (D) .
(答案：C as long as, 从属连词误用)
You should check (A) the air in the tyres (B) as (C) you start on (D) a long automobile trip.
(答案：C before, 从属连词误用)
It (A) is because she is too (B) inexperienced therefore (C) she does not know how (D) to deal with the situation.
(答案：C that, 强调句结构：It is…that…)
There are two spare rooms in the building, neither (A) of them (B) has (C) been provided with (D) modern facilities.
(答案：B which, 非限定性定语从句)

［辨错思路］
1.与汉语不同, 英语中两个句子之间一般说来不能用逗号连接, 而要根据语义的不同, 用适当的连词或关系代词使它们形成从属或并列关系。因此, 当题句包含不止一个句子时, 考生就应审查一下, 看它们之间是否有连接手段, 如果没有, 就是错误的, 如例句1和例句8。
2.非限定性定语从句前面有逗号标志, 先行词是物或前面整个句子时, 关系代词用which, 如果是人, 用who或whom引导, 据此, 可判断出逗号后面一句由that或this开头是错的, 应用which, 如例句1和例句8。
3.如果主语是reason, 表语就不能再用because引导, 要用that, 否则意思重叠, 所以当because划有横线时, 考生就要分析一下用得对否。
4.记住：关系代词一定要在从句中充当某种成分, 即主语、宾语、表语或定语, 如果从句中主宾成分齐全, 便可断定关系代词在从句中是作状语, 而状语通常用介词短语充当, 于是可以得知, 关系代词前面应有介词, 如果题句中没有, 就是错的, 再根据与名词词组的搭配选择合适的介词。
5.如果关系代词在从句中充当宾语, 而从句中谓语又是非及物动词, 考生则要观察一下动词后是否有介词使其具有及物作用(此处介词漏掉是常见错误之一), 如果没有, 再看关系代词前是否有介词, 如果也没有, 就是错误的。若关系代词划有横线, 要在其前加上介词；若动词划有横线, 则在动词后加上介词, 注意与动词的搭配。
6.关系代词whose在从句中作定语, 修饰名词。所以, 如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词, 且关系代词又划有横线, 不在从句中作宾语, 那么, 这个关系代词就应该是whose。
7.如果定语从句没有先行词, 那么这个关系代词就应该是what, 否则是错误的；反之, 关系代词是what, 又有先行词, 那么也是错误的。

［改错要领］
1.先行词是all, one, much, little, some, those, few, a few, anything, everything, nothing, 或先行词受any, no, only, the same, very, 或受形容词最高级、序数词修饰, 关系代词无论指人还是指物都用that。
2.as 和which引导非限定性定语从句, 指代前面整个主句时, 其区别是：
如果主句在前, 用which/as都可以；
如果主句在后, 只能用as, as还可插在主句中间。
3.下列关系代词不需要先行词：
what, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever。
4.下列副词和名词词组可以起连接词作用：
immediately, directly, instantly;
each/every time, the first time, last/next time。
5.注意unless一词本身具有否定意义, 相当于if…not…, 不易被考生掌握, 尤其要引起重视。
6.下列连接词语在辨错改错题中经常互为正确与错误设置, 即应该是其一, 设置成其二；应该是其二, 设置成其一：
that——which
who——whom
as far as——as long as
so far as——so long as
such…that——such…as
unless——if

研究生同等学力申请硕士学位英语应试指南——（辨别、改错）

启航学校启航学校 /2005-10-23

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