A. Traditional customs and beliefs. B. Verified hypotheses.

C. Widely held unsupported notions. D. Tales or sayings preserved orally.

45. Which of the following statements is proposed by researchers ？

A. Later-borns do not compete for attention.

B. First-borns tend to become rebels.

C. Later-borns are prone to diseases.

D. First-borns achieve more than younger ones.

Passage Four

Does money buy happiness ？ It ’ s sometimes said that scientists have found no relationship between money and happiness ， but that ’ s a myth ， says University of Illinois psychologist Ed Denier.

The connection is complex. In fact ， very rich people rate substantially higher in satisfaction with life than very poor people do ， even within wealthy nations. He says “ There is overwhelming evidence that money buys happiness. ” said economist Andrew Oswald of the University of Warwick in England. The main debate ， he said ， is how strong the effect is.

Oswald recently reported a study of Britons who won between $ 2000 and $ 250000 in a lottery （彩票拍奖） . As a group ， they showed a boost in happiness averaging a bit more than one point on a 36-point scale when surveyed two years after their win ， compared to their levels two years before they won.

Daniel Kahneman ， a Nobel-Prize winner and Princeton economist ， and colleagues ， recently declared that the notion that making a lot of money will produce good overall mood is “ mostly illusory ” . They noted that in one study ， members of the high-income group were almost twice as likely to call themselves “ very happy ” as people from households with incomes below $ 2000. But other studies ， rather than asking for a summary estimate of happiness ， follow people through the day and repeatedly record their feelings. These studies show less effect of income on happiness ， Kahneman and colleagues said.

There is still another twist to the money-happiness story. Even though people who make $ 150000 are considerably happier than those who make $ 40000 ， it ’ s not clear why ， says psychologist Richard E. Lucas of Michigau Sate University.

Researchers conclude that any effect of money on happiness is smaller than most daydreamer assume. “ People exaggerate how much happiness is bought by an extra few thousand ，” Oswald said. “ The quality of relationships has a far bigger effect than quite large rise in salary...It ’ s much better advice ， if you ’ re looking for happiness in life ， to try to find the right husband or wife than to try to double your salary. ”

46. The main purpose of this passage is to discuss .

A. the contributions of household incomes to happiness

B. the complex relationship between money and happiness

C. the positive relations of money to happiness

D. the negative relations of money to happiness

47. Andrew Oswald’s study .

A. proves money has little effect on happiness