虚拟语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人的一种愿望,假设,怀疑,猜测, 建议等含义,虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。在条件句中的应用,条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
一、虚拟语气在从句中的使用
虚拟语气即表达不可能发生或与预期相反的情况。首先我们应熟悉它在三种时态里的使用情况,这是正确使用虚拟语气的基础。这三种时态是:现在;过去;将来。
1、表示现在的虚拟式
时态:现在
从句动词:did
主句动词:would do
If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
如果我是只鸟,我就会飞到你身边去。
If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.
如果不是他们的帮忙,我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地。
2、表示过去的虚拟式
时态:过去
从句动词:had done
主句动词:would have done
If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.
如果我们早一点动身的话,就不会误车了。
If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come.
如果她不是病了,可能会来的
3、表示将来的虚拟式
时态:将来
从句动词:should do
主句动词:were to do /would do
If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.
如果李教授明天有空的话,我们可以问他点问题。
If there should be no air, there would be no living things.
如果没有空气,就不会有生物。
4、过去进行时
过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的,主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics laboratory.
那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。
They took us to see the chemical fiber mill that they were building.
他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。
5、过去完成时
过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成,主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态,其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时 间状语。
Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。
No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。
He had not learned any English before he came to the university.
上大学前他一点英语没学过。