Part I、考题设计
一、出题的三个方向:
总的来说,完形填空为了测试考生实际应用英语的能力和语感。具体说来,是从语篇(discourse)的角度综合测试考生的阅读理解能力、词汇的掌握和对英语习惯用语的熟悉程度、以及语法规则的灵活运用。因此,考试出题的三个方向是:
一)、词汇:某些词义的识别,同义词辨析。英语习惯用法的熟悉程度。
二)、语法结构:语法规则的实际应用。
三)、语篇句意:从语篇角度综合测试考生的阅读理解能力
二、考试题型:
(一)词汇题:(比重最大,占60%-85%)
单纯地考单词或短语的释义:
1.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety ____. (99)
A. comes off B. turns up C. pays off D. holds up
答案:C.
词汇辨析题:
主要是指同义词、近义词的辨析,这类题较难。
2.They are needed for ____ foodssintosenergy and body maintenance. (96)
A. shifting B. transferring C. altering D. transforming
答案:D.
固定短语搭配题:
3.With it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle ____ of flyingsintosspace and returning many times. (92)
A. capable B. suitable C. efficient D. fit
答案:A.
(二)语法题:(占15%左右)
语法结构题,主要是考结构词:代词、介词和从句连接词。
4.Moreover, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ____ difficult for the listener to understand the message which is being transmitted to him. (94)
A. that B. it C. so D. this
答案:B.
(三)语篇题:(占15%左右)
主要是考状语从句逻辑关系连接词或句与句、段与段之间的过渡词(transitional words)等。
5.Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people ____ believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. (96)
A. nevertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. meanwhile
答案:A.
总结:逻辑关系连接词和过渡词:
1.表示时间:since, ever since, from then on, soon after, afterward, until, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time等等。
2.表示列举:firstly, secondly, finally, next, last, also, for example, for instance, such as等等。
3.表示让步与转折:but, however, yet, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, though, although, even though, in spite of, despite等等。
4.表示因果:because, for, due to, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as, as a result等等。
5.表示比较与对比:like, likewise, similarly, equally, conversely, on the contrary, by contrast, in contrast等等。
6.表示补充说明:furthermore, moreover, what's more, besides, in addition等等。
Part II、解题步骤
一、精读第一句
完形填空文章的第一句话通常是没有空白的完整句子,而且第一句往往是文章的主题句(Topic Sentence),或是含有主题词的句子,考生可以根据它来把握文章的中心思想,为下面答题奠定基础。
这里,首先我们要知道英文的主题句的特点。一个有效的主题句应该有以下两个标准:
1.Topic:主题或议题。明确指示段落的内容,起到限定主题范围的作用。
2.Opinion:反映作者对待主题的观点、印象、态度,起到限定段落基调的作用。
比如:
a.I own a car
b.Owning a car often presents many problems.
Topic opinion
显然,a不是一个有效的主题句,因为它没有起到任何指示、概括文章内容的作用。而b句却明确地向读者指示该文章的内容将围绕汽车带来的种种问题,读者可以预知接下去的句子必是具体讨论这些问题。所以,b是一个好的主题句。
知道了英文主题句的特点之后,我们在阅读完型填空文章的第一句话时,就不应该只是读懂其字面中文意思,而是要透过首句来预测文章的中心内容,为接下来做题把准方向。比如1994年考题的首句是:
The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word.
这就是一句非常有效的主题句。据此,我们可以大胆地预测文章的主题是讨论"词汇(word)"与"语言表达(language)"的关系。作者的态度通过"first and smallest"就说明作者认为"词汇"对于"语言"的重要意义。实际上,该篇文章的确是围绕"词汇"与"语言"的关系展开的。文章的第一段从正反两方面阐述了"词汇的选择(choice of words)"与语言表达的关系。第二段阐述了"措词不准确(inaccurate words)"对于语言表达的影响。
由此可见,精读第一句对于理解和把握整个文章的中心意义和作者的行文的脉络是非常有效的。这就为我们往下做题指明了方向!
二、从上下文寻找信息词
完形填空所选的文章都是具有逻辑关系、意义相联的语篇,而词语的重复出现、同义词和反义词的使用是重要的连句成篇的词汇纽带,因此,在行文中不可避免地会出现词语的复现、前后同义词、反义词相互照应等现象。
警示:考生在答题时,不要急于求成。而要充分利用上下文信息词,在继续阅读中寻找和斟酌答案。
我们以1995年考题为例。
The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more __43__. The new experiments, such as those described for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations __45__ of non-REM sleep. (95)
43. A. subtle B. obvious C. mysterious D. doubtful
45. A. in the light B. by virtue C. with the exception D. for the purpose
答案:43. C正确;45. D正确。
分析:只要细心寻找即可发现,文章开头说的"the purpose of non-REM sleep"和结尾的"____ of non-REM sleep."遥相呼应。所以45填D。而在后文的fascinating就指示43应填与其同义的次,故43题C选项mysterious正确,因为两者都表示"神秘的、为之着迷"的意思。
三、借助语法知识
主要是针对上文提到的语法题。再比如:
They do not provide energy, ____ do they construct or build any part of the body. (96)
A. either B. so C. nor D. never
答案:C.
分析:这是一常见的否定倒装结构。
四、把握文章组织结构
主要是针对语篇题。
做题时,要把准文章作者发展脉络,文章的起承转合,要注意段落与段落之间,句与句之间的内在逻辑联系,领悟暗示,选对答案。
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened __21__. As was discussed before, it was not __22__ the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic __23__. (2002)
21. A. between B. before C. since D. later
22. A. after B. by C. during D. until
23. A. means B. method C. medium D. measure
答案:21. A. 22. D. 23. C
分析:我们注意到文章讲了两个时间:20世纪和15、16世纪,而19世纪显然是处在两者之间,故21填between。22题是一语法结构题,固定结构:It was not until---that---。23题属于前面介绍的"信息词"题。上文中出现的:television, printing, newspaper均说明该题应填medium。
五、复校全篇短文
填完20个空格之后,一定不要忘了全文通读一篇,检查句子之间的逻辑关系有无前后矛盾的地方,力避连错几个的现象!