一、06考研大纲对写作部分的要求
1．要求：考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。写作时，考生应能：
1）做到语法、拼写、标点正确、用词恰当；
2）遵循文章的特定文体格式；
3）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；
4）根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语域。
2．考试形式：第三部分写作
该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分30分。
A节：考生根据所给的情景写出的100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分10分。
B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160-200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分20分。
二、评分标准及考生出现的问题
●评分原则与方法
虽然A、B两节考查要点有所不同，但对考生写作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般评分标准对两节都适用。但根据考查要点不同，评分时有不同的侧重点。
○评分侧重点：信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性，格式和语域的恰当。对语法结构和词法多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。
○评分侧重点：内容的完整性、文章的组织连贯性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。
B节写作题***考研英语作文的总体评分原则
高分作文的写作要素体现在阅卷人员所依据的评分原则和评分标准———总体评分(Global Scoring)之中。阅卷人员就是凭对文章的总体印象和总体表达效果给分的，而不是按语法、词汇、拼写、标点等错误的累计数目多少来扣分。这表明作文是就内容和语言两方面给分。语言和内容是一个统一体，要求内容切题、表达清楚、意义连贯、句法多变、语言正确。
记分标准如下：
20－17分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
16－13分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
12－9分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
8－5分：内容基本功题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
4－1分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。
0分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。
以2002年的考研英语写作试题为例，考生可参看下面提供的几篇文章，从中可以基本了解不同档次文章的评分情况。
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled "Cultures—National and International .
In the essay you should
1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2) give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
第一档次文章 (17—20分)：
例1：
This is a very interesting picture of a lovely American girl dressed in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears a pearl necklace, colorful ribbon, ear rings, and oilier decorating things that are characteristic of the clothes of a Chinese minority nationality. It is obvious that as a result of our open-door policy, more and more foreigners visit China and become interested in our national culture, which is making it go international.
There is no reason to make a fuss about this phenomenon. With the rapid development of technology and economy, the world is becoming smaller and smaller, and international cultural exchanges have become more and more frequent, which is inevitably improving our mutual understanding and friendship with other countries.
As Chinese citizens, we should respect our own national culture and learn useful things from the cultures of different nations, which will enable us to make great progress in many ways. I believe a happy and bright future is awaiting us if we make every effort to promote cultural development both nationally and internationally.(179 words)
这篇短文内容切题，包括了题中所列的两部分内容。第一段里对这个美国女孩的描写准确生动，也清楚表达出对此现象的解释和自己的评述。文字比较连贯；句式也有变化，句子结构和用词正确。但文章长度稍微少于所要求的字数。
例2：
Nowadays, "national culture or international culture" has become a matter of great concern for the general public in our society, especially for those who are confronted with this problem. Now let's take a look at the American girl in traditional Chinese costume. She looks very beautiful with a nice smile on her face. It seems that the girl is very fond of the Chinese costume.
Obviously, the picture indicates that a culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial to all the human beings. Since China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries want to visit China. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people who have shown their great interest in it. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to China. In this way people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this world.
My opinion about this cultural phenomenon is that a national culture should become international. This is because the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind.(213 words)
这篇短文内容切题，清楚表达出题中所列的两部分内容。文章紧扣主题，句子与句子之间连贯，过渡自然。句子结构正确，句式也有变化。遣词造句得当，语言流畅，文章长度符合要求。
第二档次文章 (13——16分)：
例3：
As is shown in this picture, we can see clearly that a charming American girl who is in traditional Chinese costume is smiling to us. The purpose of this picture is that with the development of globalization, great changes have taken place in the world, and one nation's culture has been accepted by the people from another culture.
Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several reasons as follows. First, with policy of opening the door to the outside world being well implemented in China, a large number of people from other countries like to visit China and become interested in traditional Chinese culture. Second, due to the easy and fast communications, the distance between various nations has been shortened, and people can get in touch with each other easily. Therefore, cultures from various nations can be exchanged and different cultures can merge together quickly.
In my opinion, people from different countries should learn and share different cultures. Each culture has its own advantages which might be beneficial to another culture. Besides, there is a trend that globalization is going to be accepted in the whole world. Therefore national cultures should gradually become international.(196 words)
这篇短文内容切题，包括了题中所列的内容，比较清楚地表达出其中的内涵，但是对图片中美国女孩的描述不够。短文阐述层次分明，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构基本正确，用词有极少量错误。文章长度符合要求。属于第二档次中的上档。
例4：
As the picture shows, an American girl in traditional Chinese costume, with a smile on her face, is presented. Obviously, the girl enjoys the culture of traditional Chinese, as many people do. It indicates that a culture of one country will go to international.
Many advantages can be seen when a national culture becomes international. First, it can show the outside world its native culture. For example, China, as a country with a long history, may share her profound culture with the rest of the world. Other countries may benefit from the traditional Chinese culture in many aspects. Second, it will promote communications and exchanges between different cultures from various countries. From my experience, I was very exciting and astonished when 1 had a chance to know American culture through the English language. In my college life, I am lucky to have several foreign friends. Ideally, my foreign friends and 1 have learned a lot from each other about the cultures. Third, it is nice for people from different cultural backgrounds to live together and share the different cultures.
In a word, man's life will be made more colorful when
National cultures have become international.
这篇短文内容切题，包括了题中所列的内容，比较清楚地表达出其中的内涵，但是对图片中美国女孩的描述不够。短文阐述层次分明，并通过举例来帮助说明。文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构也基本正确，但用词有少量错误，有些地方词汇搭配不当。如：等等。文章长度符合要求。
第三档次文章 (9——12分)：
例5：
As seen from the above picture, an American girl in traditional Chinese costume is smiling to us with friendly looking. There are a lot of bright and beautiful accessories on her body. She dresses in Chinese costume, which is a symbol on behalf of the minority people in our country. From the picture we can draw a conclusion that cultures are national and international, and no limit between different countries. Even if growing up in various countries, we have still the same interests in cultures, not only in America, but also other countries.
In my view, it is no exaggeration to say that cultures are the most important factor, which can make the mankind progress and benefit a great deal from the communication in cultures, other than economic development. I am of the opinion that, in reaction to the phenomenon of cultures tending to be national and international, China should hold the key to success in the 21st century both in economy and cultures. We are required by the world people to open our cultures. Only in this situation can China act in cultures as an important role in the world stage. Of course, faced with the entry in foreign cultures, we must take steps to keep up the alertness against bad minds. My argument to the point is that we can’t throw the baby away with the bath water.(230 words )
这篇短文内容切题，基本包括题中所列的内容，也基本清楚地表达其内涵。但句子结构和用词有少量错误，有些地方词汇搭配不当，文字也不精炼。文章长度符合要求。
第五档次文章 (1——4分)：
例6 ：
In this picture an American girl in traditional Chinese costume is smiling to me, flower circling her head and Chinese Changming lock in her chest.
Lovely girl and lovely Chinese traditional costume make me think. China has many treasures, traditional costume, traditional culture and so on. In its long history it beared excellent culture, beautiful scene and advanced mind. We have the excellent traditional culture. Today it belongs to us Chinese and it belong to the world. China need world, the world need China. (84 words )
这篇小短文虽然基本按要求写作，但是无结构、无明显主题。内容表达混乱，句子与句子之间不连贯，而且严重受汉语表达习惯影响。词汇搭配不当，词汇量很小，表达不清楚。并且有很多语法错误。写作长度不符合要求。只有少数句子可理解。
例7：
The American girl who in traditional Chinese costume is very lovely, and she is fit for the clothes. May lie somebody would think that she is a Chinese girl.
Any countries has their own national costume, and almost of these costume are very beautiful, perhaps, some of them can be say "project!"
So our cultures went countries, we happy see it. We happy also see their culture in China. So we loved that all. (74 words )
这根本算不上什么短文，而仅仅是把一些不连贯的句子拼凑在一起，有很多语法错误，只有极少数句子可理解。写作长度根本谈不上符合要求。无主题思想。
一篇好的作文应基本达到：
1）有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；
2）语法基本正确；
3）句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；
4）有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；
5）说理清楚，内容充实。
6）就小作文而言，还要做到格式与语域正确。
7）书写干净整洁。如果书写较差，以致影响交际，分数会降低一个档次。
考生出现的问题：
●不会审题。很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思的概念，有的担心时间不够，有的则是无从下笔，结果不是文不对题就是时间己过半，只好草草收场。
●用汉语思维，逐字翻译。有的考生对英语词造句无把握，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译英语，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。
●用词搭配不当。英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如（花费很多时间做某事）“spend much time in…”不能改成“take much time in…”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法
●词汇量小，拼写困难。部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，结果 只能用中文取而代之，成绩自然不会理想。
●句子逻辑关系混乱。部分考生因受汉语结构的影响，对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如：Our English class often told stories.应改为：We often told stories in our English class.
●不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，同时结构严谨，文章紧凑。例如：People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.
●语法错误。语法错误主要表现为：
i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等
ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等；
iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。
iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如:help, practice 等。
v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。