第二部分：写作准备
一．选词
1． 多用近义词：
1) I think/believe/argue/maintain/insist/deem/hold that…, As I see it,… In my opinion,…From my standpoint,…
2) solve/cope with/deal with/put an end to/tackle…the problem
3) is important/is of the utmost importance
4) take pride in/be proud of
5) This product enjoys a good market in that market. (This product sells well in that market.)
2．区分具体与抽象的词
抽象 具体
good kind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, selfless, friendly
laugh smile, chuckle, snigger
scientist physicist, biologist, chemist
fish shark, salmon, perch, eel
tree shrub, bush, pollard, oak, plane, pine, willow
3．善于使用代词
A scientist draws conclusions by studying the facts he collects.
Such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements should be firmly kept in mind.
二．造句
1． 英文的基本句型
1） 主+系+表：I am a university student./I feel proud of myself./The leaves turn green when spring comes.
2） 主+动+（状）：I study very hard./I have prepared for the NETEM for a long time.
3） 主+动+宾：I read English books./I’ve memorized all the words in the word list.
4） 主+动+宾+宾：Prof. Kang gave me a lot of assignments every day./I wrote my teacher a letter yesterday.
5） 主+动+宾+补：The little boy found the box empty./We’ll make our country greener and more beautiful.
2． 英文句子的特性
1） 完整：English is a language, language is something used to communicate with other people.
2） 统一：My trouble is that I cannot speak English fluently and I like English very much.
3） 多样：She felt nervous and frightened. She took out the key and unlocked the door.
4） 简洁：After five months of hard work, she finally returned back to her home.
5） 有效：It is very interesting because it brings me peace, love and beauty. (It is like a magic paradise filled with peace, love and beauty.)
三． 段落
1． 段落的特性
1） 单一：Pollution has become a serious problem about which we worry. Wherever we turn we find pollution: polluted air, polluted water, polluted food and polluted environment. As we know, this is threatening the very survival of the human race.
2） 连贯：In order to know what the weather will be, special people are hired to provide this information. These people are called weathermen. They work in a weather station every day. Some of them observe the weather; the others analyze weather information; and still others make forecast about the weather. It is known that their work can save thousands of lives and millions of dollars in property damage.
3） 过渡：The traditional husband is different form modern husband in certain aspects. First of all, the traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spending money. However, the modern husband shares these decisions with his working wife. In addition, the traditional husband did not help with housework. In contrast, the modern husband helps his working wife at home. He may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual for him to cook.
2． 段落的构成
1）开头段
（1）开头段的表达方法
① 主题句法（use of topic sentence）
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one’s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
② 使用引语（use a quotation）
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
③ 使用具体详实的数字或数据（use figures or statistics）
In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
④ 提出问题（ask a question）
What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things.
⑤ 给出背景（offer relevant background）
Once in a newspaper I read a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.
It was reported in the newspaper that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.
⑥ 定义法（give definition）
Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.
(2) 开头段的常用核心句型
l The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (take into account) the fact that ….
l As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly / generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas / views), I believe (argue) that …
l Although many people believe that …, I doubt (wonder)whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination).
l The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A.
l Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that …, it is unlikely to be true that ….
l There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that ….
l It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,) …, but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesn’t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won’t be the case) that ….
l The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that ….
l It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that …, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that ….
l In all the discussion and debate over …, one important (basic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected).
l There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that ….
l Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument seems and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) when … is taken into consideration(account).
l To assume (suggest) that … is far from being proved (to miss the point).
l A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious) it is.
l On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but by careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that …
l Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to) … may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts ….
l The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that….
l What the arguer fails to understand (consider / mention) is that ….
l We don’t have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this argument (proposition).
l However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.
l Among the most convincing (important) reasons given (cited / offered / identified) by people for …, one should be stressed (emphasized / mentioned).
l As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that ….
l I believe that the title statement is valid because (of) ….
l I agree with the above statement because I believe that ….
l Although I appreciate that …, I cannot agree with the title statement.
l There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …. Those who object to … argue that …. But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that….
l Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)….
l Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that …. But I wonder (doubt) whether ….
l These days we are often told that (often hear about) …, but is this really the case?
2）中间段
（1）展开方法
① 列举法(Listing)
常用词语：first, second, third...last
firstly, secondly, thirdly...finally
to begin with, what’s more, in the end
first of all, then, next, moreover, furthermore...
in the first place, in the second place, last but not least
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
② 举例法(Exemplification)
常用词语：show, exemplify, illustrate, prove, indicate, exhibit, demonstrate, for example, for instance, take...as an example, such as, like, a good case in point
常用句型：There are many examples to prove...Here I will cite just a few.
There is enough/convincing/sufficient evidence to prove...
Take...as an example.
An analysis of the above-mentioned cases may be useful in explaining...
Before you get the idea that economics is relevant only for politics or business, we should mention that economics focuses on all the choices people make and the personal and social consequences of these choices. Some choices involve money, but many do not. Even seemingly non-economic decisions fall within the realm of economics. Most decisions involve attempts to balance costs against benefits, which may or may not be measurable with money. For example, many costs and benefits are primarily psychological.
③ 定义法(Definition)
常用词语：mean, signify, refer to, constitute, involve, deal with, relate to, be considered to be, be concerned with, be defined as
常用句型：...may be defined as...
...means...
…is described as…
A paragraph may be defined as a distinct part of section of any piece of writing, whether of one or more sentences, that deals with a particular point of the subject. It is to a sentence what a sentence is to a word. The term is also applied to a short composition consisting of a group of sentences dealing with a single topic and closely related to each other.
④ 分类法(Classification)
常用词语：arrange in two/three categories, be classified into a number of groups, fall into the following kinds, be put into several groups
常用句型：...consists of...
...may be classified according to/on the basis of/depending on
...may be divided into...
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make it a part of yourself is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher’s icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak until you consume it and get it into your stomach. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your stomach to do you any good.
⑤ 比较对比法(Comparison and Contrast)
常用词语：just as, in comparison, like, similarly, likewise, correspondingly, similar to,
in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, but, however, yet, while
常用句型：There are some similarities/differences between...
We can compare...with...
...has something in common with...
By contrasting...and...
...has little in common with...
...are different in many ways...
Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many sharp contrasts. (1) He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; (2) a scientist with a love of literature, (3) an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. (4) He made a fortune but lived a simple life, (5) and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. (6) A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; (7) a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. (8) He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men.
⑥ 因果法(Cause and Effect)
常用词语：cause, result in, lead to, produce, bring about, contribute to, based on,
because, since, now that, therefore, thus, consequently, owing to, due to,
through, because of, on account of, as a result, as a consequence
常用句型：There are several reasons for...
The reasons why...can be traced to...
The causes for...are as follows...
Therefore, we can draw/arrive at/reach/make the following conclusions...
Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students not be overly dependent on them. In the United States, professors have other duties besides teaching. Often they are responsible for administrative work within their departments. In addition, they may be obliged to publish articles and books. Therefore the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.
⑦ 发展过程法
To build your own sun scope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton, taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole, and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally, tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape.
(2) 中间段的常用核心句型
l Although the popular belief is that …, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that ….
l Common sense tells us that ….
l The increase (change / failure / success) in … mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of) ….
l The increase (change / failure / success) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that ….
l Many people would claim that ….
l One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to …, but … is not by itself an adequate explanation.
l One of the reasons given for … is that ….
l What is also worth noticing is that ….
l There are many (different / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in …. First, …. Second, …. Finally, ….
l There is no evidence to suggest that….
l Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, …. For another, ….
l Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that ….
l It gives rise to (leads to / brings /creates) a host of problems (consequences).
l There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
l It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on ….
l A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure / development) in ….
l In 2000, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
l By comparison with 2002, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
l It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
l There were 100 traffic accidents in April, an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.
l By 2002, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as) three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) college population (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (2002) preferred to (liked) ….
l With the development (improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization) of …, vast changes await this country’s society.
l Now people in growing (ever-increasing / significant) numbers are beginning (coming / getting) to believe (realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware) that ….
l According to a(n) recent (new / official) study (survey / report / poll), ….
l History (Our society) is filled (abounds) with the examples of ….
l The story (case / instance / situation) is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples (typical of dozens).
l A (one) recent (new / general / nationwide) study (survey / poll / investigation) conducted (taken) at a university by (officials / scientists / experts) indicates (reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates) that ….
l According to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics / findings / data / graph / table) released (provided) by the government (an institute), it can be learned (seen / predicted) that ….
l There is (no) good (every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong) evidence (proof) to
l Personal experience (Examples I heard / read of) leads me to conclude that ….
l We must admit the undeniable fact that ….
l No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact that ….
l Experience (Evidence) suggests (shows) that ….
l Take for example … who (that) ….
l The same is true of ….
l As the saying goes, “….”
3）结尾段
（1）写作方法
① 总结归纳
In conclusion I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won—by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.
② 重申主题
Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man’s energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.
③ 预测展望
It is time that the government spoke out against corruption and took strong actions to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government’s popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall.
④ 提出建议
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it may be, and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.
⑤ 提出问题
Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why can’t young people think of the days when they are getting old?
⑥ 引用格言
Many years ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”—and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change.
（2）核心句型
l From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that ….
l All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that ….
l It is high time that we placed (put) great (special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of ….
l It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of ….
l We must look (search / call / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of ….
l There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial).
l No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of …, but the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of … might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction).
l Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to)…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
l Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that ….
l Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to) …, it is very likely (the chances are good) that ….
l There is little doubt (no denying) that serious (special / adequate / immediate / further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of ….
l It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) actions (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct /check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon).
l It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate) efforts should be made to control (check/ halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of ….
l It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing / improving) ….
l It remains to be seen whether …, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy).
l Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential / grave /serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of ….
l To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state of mind towards (attitude towards / outlook on) ….
l For these reasons, I strongly recommend that ….
l For the reasons given above, I feel that ….