五、一致关系常见错误设置及答题思路
［常见错误］
一致关系包括主语与谓语、代词与所指代的名词在人称和数上要保持一致两个方面。
1.主语是单数,谓语却是复数形式,或反之,主谓不一致的错误常出现在下列结构中：
①主谓倒装结构；
②主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰,所以距离较远,考生易误认主语；
③动名词短语或不定式短语作主语；
④主语带有with或such as等附加成分；
⑤关系代词作主语的定语从句；
⑥某些固定结构。
2.代词与所指代的名词不一致的错误常常是：
①在数上不一致；
②在人称上不一致；
③在格上不一致；
④出现在从属结构中。
例句：
On each (A) side of the highway was (B) hundreds of billboards advertising (C) everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit (D) and bedspreads.(1995年考题)
(答案：B were,倒装结构,主语是hundreds of…)
The amount of pressure (A) which (B) the materials are subject (C) to affect (D) the quality of the products.
(答案：D affects,主语与谓语之间有较长修饰语)
Transforming (A) raw materials into (B) useful products are (C) called manufacturing (D) .
(答案：C is,主语是动名词短语)
The dean of the college together with some other (A) faculty members are planning (B) a conference for the purpose of (C) laying down certain (D) regulations.
(答案：B is planning,主语有附加语)
There are many valuable services (A) which the public are (B) willing to pay for, but which (C) does not (D) bring a return in money to the community.
(答案：D do not,第二个关系代词which作主语,先行词是services)
One of the world's largest (A) salt mines lie (B) directly under (C) rhe city (D) of Detroit.
(答案：B lies,主语是one)
George is one (A) of the graduate students who (B) has (C) got a part time (D) job.
(答案：C have,与先行词students一致)
Mr.Wang is the only one (A) of the teachers in (B) our university who (C) own (D) a car.
(答案：D owns,与先行词one一致)
注意：上面三个带one的句子对谓语数的影响。
Many a (A) problem concerning the agricultural production (B) have been (C) solved this way (D) .
(答案：C has been,与a problem在语法上一致)
It was during the 1920's that (A) the friendship between (B) the two American writers Heminingway and Fitzgerald reached their (C) highest (D) point.
(答案：C its,指代friendship,在数上一致)
Each cigarette which a person smokes does (A) some (B) harm, and eventually you (C) may get a serious disease from its (D) effect.
(答案：C he,指代a person,在人称上一致)
It is required by law that a husband have to pay (A) the debts of his wife until (B) formal notice is given that (C) he no longer has to pay her (D) .
(答案：D to pay them,指代debts,在人称和数上一致)
His achievements have earned him (A) respect from (B) both his colleagues and those (C) whose positions are higher than he (D) .
(答案：D his,指代his position,在格上一致)
［辨错思路］
1.一般说来,测试主谓一致的试题主语都有修饰语或附加成分,因此,考生应仔细阅读句子,找出主语、谓语。如果谓语划有横线,就应考虑是否存在主谓不一致的错误。
2.主谓不一致错误的特点之一是,如果谓语应是单数,谓语前面的名词往往是复数；如果谓语应是复数,谓语前面的名词往往是单数(如1995年辨错改错题5),以形成假象,增大辨错难度。
3.在倒装结构中测试主谓一致的试题往往是表示地点的短语放置句首,谓语是表示状态的动词be, lie, stand, stay等,考生在辨错时注意这一规律。
4.如果作主语的名词既可表示单数又可表示复数意义,考生应善于利用句中出现的代词、限定词或数词等暗示来判断题句中主语表示的数的概念,进而分析谓语动词是否有误。
5.一个句子含有不止一个名词时,要分辨代词是否正确,关键是要搞清楚指代对象,然后再进一步分析是否在性、数、格、人称上与指代对象一致。
［改错要领］
在纠正一致关系错误时,除了了解一般的单复数概念外,还应掌握下列各特殊情况。
1.貌似单数、实是复数的词,包括data等不规则变化的复数名词,和只用作复数意义的词如police以及根据情况有时用作复数意义的集合名词如committee。
2.貌似复数、实是单数的名词,包括表示学科的词如politics；固定复数形式的词如means, series, species等。
注意：上面两种情况切不可望形生义。
3.动名词短语、不定式短语和名词从句作主语时,谓语用单数,如果用and连接上述相同的两个成分时,谓语则用复数。
4.主语带有as well as, accompanied by等附加成分时,该主语的数不受附加成分的影响。
5.两组结构相同但先行词不同导致从句中谓语数之不同的情况：
one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是复数名词,从句中谓语用复数。
the only one+复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是one,从句中谓语用单数。
6.两组用法易混淆的含of的短语作主语时,谓语的数视名词的冠词而变：是不定冠词a,用复数；是定冠词the,用单数。
a number of…一些…
the number of……的数量
a variety of……各种各样的…
注意：the majority of+复数名词, "…的大多数",谓语用复数。
7.四组并列连词连接的主语,其谓语动词的单复数取决于靠近动词的主语：
either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, or。
8.三个固定用法的谓语的数单纯取决于主语数的形式,而不考虑主语数的实际意义：
many a+单数名词谓语用单数
more than one+单数名词谓语用单数
a great
good many+复数名词谓语用复数
9.由each, every修饰的名词,用第三人称单数指代。
10."those of+人称代词"构成短语时,指代短语的代词与短语中人称代词保持一致：
those of us our
those of you your
11.注意it is的缩写形式it's与代词it的所有格形式its的区别,参见样题辨错改错(9)。
六、倒装结构常见错误设置及答题思路
［常见错误］
1.虚拟语气条件从句省略了连词if,主谓应倒装而未倒装。
2.句中含有要求必须倒装的词或句型,句子却用正常语序。
3.有的已倒装结构中采用助动词前置后,动词没有作相应变化。
4.在no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句中其后的形容词、副词没有随其移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。
5.在the more引导的比较从句中,其所修饰的名词没有随之移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。6.疑问词引导的名词从句不应倒装而倒装。
［常见错误］
一致关系包括主语与谓语、代词与所指代的名词在人称和数上要保持一致两个方面。
1.主语是单数,谓语却是复数形式,或反之,主谓不一致的错误常出现在下列结构中：
①主谓倒装结构；
②主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰,所以距离较远,考生易误认主语；
③动名词短语或不定式短语作主语；
④主语带有with或such as等附加成分；
⑤关系代词作主语的定语从句；
⑥某些固定结构。
2.代词与所指代的名词不一致的错误常常是：
①在数上不一致；
②在人称上不一致；
③在格上不一致；
④出现在从属结构中。
例句：
On each (A) side of the highway was (B) hundreds of billboards advertising (C) everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit (D) and bedspreads.(1995年考题)
(答案：B were,倒装结构,主语是hundreds of…)
The amount of pressure (A) which (B) the materials are subject (C) to affect (D) the quality of the products.
(答案：D affects,主语与谓语之间有较长修饰语)
Transforming (A) raw materials into (B) useful products are (C) called manufacturing (D) .
(答案：C is,主语是动名词短语)
The dean of the college together with some other (A) faculty members are planning (B) a conference for the purpose of (C) laying down certain (D) regulations.
(答案：B is planning,主语有附加语)
There are many valuable services (A) which the public are (B) willing to pay for, but which (C) does not (D) bring a return in money to the community.
(答案：D do not,第二个关系代词which作主语,先行词是services)
One of the world's largest (A) salt mines lie (B) directly under (C) rhe city (D) of Detroit.
(答案：B lies,主语是one)
George is one (A) of the graduate students who (B) has (C) got a part time (D) job.
(答案：C have,与先行词students一致)
Mr.Wang is the only one (A) of the teachers in (B) our university who (C) own (D) a car.
(答案：D owns,与先行词one一致)
注意：上面三个带one的句子对谓语数的影响。
Many a (A) problem concerning the agricultural production (B) have been (C) solved this way (D) .
(答案：C has been,与a problem在语法上一致)
It was during the 1920's that (A) the friendship between (B) the two American writers Heminingway and Fitzgerald reached their (C) highest (D) point.
(答案：C its,指代friendship,在数上一致)
Each cigarette which a person smokes does (A) some (B) harm, and eventually you (C) may get a serious disease from its (D) effect.
(答案：C he,指代a person,在人称上一致)
It is required by law that a husband have to pay (A) the debts of his wife until (B) formal notice is given that (C) he no longer has to pay her (D) .
(答案：D to pay them,指代debts,在人称和数上一致)
His achievements have earned him (A) respect from (B) both his colleagues and those (C) whose positions are higher than he (D) .
(答案：D his,指代his position,在格上一致)
［辨错思路］
1.一般说来,测试主谓一致的试题主语都有修饰语或附加成分,因此,考生应仔细阅读句子,找出主语、谓语。如果谓语划有横线,就应考虑是否存在主谓不一致的错误。
2.主谓不一致错误的特点之一是,如果谓语应是单数,谓语前面的名词往往是复数；如果谓语应是复数,谓语前面的名词往往是单数(如1995年辨错改错题5),以形成假象,增大辨错难度。
3.在倒装结构中测试主谓一致的试题往往是表示地点的短语放置句首,谓语是表示状态的动词be, lie, stand, stay等,考生在辨错时注意这一规律。
4.如果作主语的名词既可表示单数又可表示复数意义,考生应善于利用句中出现的代词、限定词或数词等暗示来判断题句中主语表示的数的概念,进而分析谓语动词是否有误。
5.一个句子含有不止一个名词时,要分辨代词是否正确,关键是要搞清楚指代对象,然后再进一步分析是否在性、数、格、人称上与指代对象一致。
［改错要领］
在纠正一致关系错误时,除了了解一般的单复数概念外,还应掌握下列各特殊情况。
1.貌似单数、实是复数的词,包括data等不规则变化的复数名词,和只用作复数意义的词如police以及根据情况有时用作复数意义的集合名词如committee。
2.貌似复数、实是单数的名词,包括表示学科的词如politics；固定复数形式的词如means, series, species等。
注意：上面两种情况切不可望形生义。
3.动名词短语、不定式短语和名词从句作主语时,谓语用单数,如果用and连接上述相同的两个成分时,谓语则用复数。
4.主语带有as well as, accompanied by等附加成分时,该主语的数不受附加成分的影响。
5.两组结构相同但先行词不同导致从句中谓语数之不同的情况：
one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是复数名词,从句中谓语用复数。
the only one+复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是one,从句中谓语用单数。
6.两组用法易混淆的含of的短语作主语时,谓语的数视名词的冠词而变：是不定冠词a,用复数；是定冠词the,用单数。
a number of…一些…
the number of……的数量
a variety of……各种各样的…
注意：the majority of+复数名词, "…的大多数",谓语用复数。
7.四组并列连词连接的主语,其谓语动词的单复数取决于靠近动词的主语：
either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, or。
8.三个固定用法的谓语的数单纯取决于主语数的形式,而不考虑主语数的实际意义：
many a+单数名词谓语用单数
more than one+单数名词谓语用单数
a great
good many+复数名词谓语用复数
9.由each, every修饰的名词,用第三人称单数指代。
10."those of+人称代词"构成短语时,指代短语的代词与短语中人称代词保持一致：
those of us our
those of you your
11.注意it is的缩写形式it's与代词it的所有格形式its的区别,参见样题辨错改错(9)。
六、倒装结构常见错误设置及答题思路
［常见错误］
1.虚拟语气条件从句省略了连词if,主谓应倒装而未倒装。
2.句中含有要求必须倒装的词或句型,句子却用正常语序。
3.有的已倒装结构中采用助动词前置后,动词没有作相应变化。
4.在no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句中其后的形容词、副词没有随其移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。
5.在the more引导的比较从句中,其所修饰的名词没有随之移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。6.疑问词引导的名词从句不应倒装而倒装。