A.  there is a distinction between acquisition and learning
B.   there is a critical period for language acquisition
C.  language influences thinking
D.  there is interrelationship between language and thinking
37.  The case of Genie shows that ____________.
A.   language can not be acquired at all after the critical period.
B.   Cerebral plasticity after puberty is still high enough to for a successful mastery of a new language.
C.   the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period
D.   the language learning should be done as early as possible.
IV Explain the following terms:
38. psycholinguistics                39. brain lateralization 
40. dichotic listening                41. Broca's area
42. angular gyms                   43. cerebral plasticity   
44. linguistic determinism           45. sub vocal speech 
46. cerebral cortex                 47. linguistic lateralization
48. right ear advantage             49. critical period hypothesis
50. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis         51. linguistic relativism
52. overt thought                  53. intrapersonal communication   
54. interpersonal communication
V. Answer the following questions:
55.  What are the biological foundations of language?
56.  What are the major mental functions under the control of each hemi-sphere?
57.  What can we do by means of dichotic listening tests?
58.  What is the safe conclusion from Genie's case?
59.  How are language and thought related to each other?

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1.        F  2.T  3.T   4.T   5.T   6. F   7.F   8.F   9.T   10.T
II. II. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. Psycholinguistics  12. cortex   13. hemispheres   14. lateralization 
15. genetically 16. Motor  17. arbitrary  18. sub-vocal, overt 19.relativism
20. critical  21. determinism
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
22.A    23.A    24.C    25.D    26.D    27.B    28.C    29.D    30.A
31.C    32. A    33. B    34. D   35. D    36. B    37. C
IV Explain the following terms:
38. Psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind.
39. brain lateralization:   The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a    particular hemisphere of the brain is called brain lateralization.
40.dichotic listening: a research technique which has been used to study how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear. Dichotic listening research makes use of the generally established fact that anything experienced on the right-hand side of the body is processed in the left hemisphere of the brain, and vice versa. A basic assumption, thus, would be that a signal coming in the right ear will go to the left hemisphere and a signal coming in the left ear will go to the right hemisphere.
41. Broca's area : It refers to the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere, which is  vital to language. This area is discovered by Paul Broca, a French surgeon and anatomist.
42. angular gyms: The angular gyrus lies behind Wernicke' s area. The angular gyrus  is the language center re-sponsible for converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice ver-sa. This area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, for the naming of objects, and for the comprehension of written lan-guage , all of which require connections between visual and speech regions.
43. cerebral plasticity: Ac-cording to Lenneberg, prior to the end of the critical period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and one can take over if the other is damaged. This neurological flexibility is called cerebral plasticity .
44. linguistic determinism: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view the world is determined by the structure of their native language.
45. subvocal speech: a term used to refer to thought when thought and language are identical or closely parallel to each other.
46. cerebral cortex : the outside surface of the brain which receives messages from all the sensory organs and where human cognitive abilities reside.
47. linguistic lateralization: It refers the brain’s neurological specialization for language.
48.right ear advantage: The speech signals presented in the right ear goes directly to the left brain, while the speech signals in the left ear must first go to the right hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. Since the speech signals in the left ear takes a non-direct route and a longer time before processing than a linguistic signal received through the right ear, linguistic stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This pheno广告网址n is called the right ear advantage.
49. critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one' s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily,ftly, and without explicit instruction.
50.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.
51.linguistic relativism: Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic back-ground, hence the notion of linguistic relativism .
52.  overt thought: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard speech as "overt thought.”
53. intrapersonal communication: It means that language users use language to facilitates thinking, speech behavior and action for the individual.
54.interpersonal communication: It means language users use language to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to another, or to control each other' s behavior.
V. Answer the following questions:
55.  What are the biological foundations of language?
  Of all organisms, human beings are the only spontaneous cre-ators and users of highly sophisticated languages that permit the communica-tion of a wide range of knowledge and ideas. Evidently, our linguistic ability does not depend primarily on the struc-ture of our vocal cords, for other mammals also have vocal cords. Human linguistic ability largely depends, instead, on the structure and dynamics of the human brain. As far as is currently known, human beings are the only organisms in which one particular part of the left half of the brain is larger than the corresponding part of the right half. This has led to the belief that human language is biologically, or more exactly, neurologically, based.
56. What are the major mental functions under the control of each hemi-sphere?
    Psychological research suggests that both hemispheres perform important mental functions and they differ only in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically.
Brain lateralization for major mental functions under the control of each hemisphere is given as follows:
        (1) Left hemisphere             Right hemisphere
     language and speech     perception of nonlinguistic sounds       
     analytic reasoning        holistic reasoning
     temporal ordering        visual and spatial skills
     reading and writing       recognition of patterns
     calculation              recognition of musical melodies
   associative thought
    Because each cerebral hemisphere has unique functional superiority, it is accurate to think of the hemispheres as complementarily spe-cialized .