A. bound morpheme       B. bound form   
    C. inflectional morpheme   D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound  ______.
A.  is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B.  can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C.  is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D.  None of the above.
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _______.
   A. the first element              B. the second element
   C. either the first or the second element
 D. both the first and the second elements.
24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
 A. Free  morphemes           B. Bound morphemes    C. Bound words        D. Words
25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax               B.Grammar      C. Morphology             D. Morpheme
26.  The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical             B. morphemic      C. grammatical                 D. semantic
27.  Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A.   have to be used independently
B.   can not be combined with other morphemes
C.  can either be free or bound
D.  have to be combined with other morphemes.
28.  ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
 A. Prefixes          B. Suffixes     C. Roots               D. Affixes
29.  _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words        B. Morphemes     C. Phonemes       D. Sentences
30.  “-s” in the word “books” is  _______.
A. a derivative affix            B. a stem   C. an inflectional affix           D. a root
IV. Define the following terms:
 31. morphology          32. inflectional morphology  33. derivational morphology  
34. morpheme     35. free morpheme     36. bound morpheme    37. root     38. affix
39. prefix        40. suffix      41. derivation         42. Compounding
V. Answer the following questions:
43.  What are the main features of the English compounds?
44.  Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.T  2.F    3.T   4.T   5.T   6.T   7.T   8.F   9.F   10.T
II. II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. Morpheme  12. grammatical  13. Bound  14. derivative  15.Derivative
16. suffix    17. Compounding   18. morphological   19. derivation  20. stem
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
2l.D   22.D   23.B   24.B   25.C   26. C   27. D   28. A   29. B   30. C
IV. Define the following terms:
31.  Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
32.  inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections
33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.
34.  Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
35.  free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.
36.    bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
37.  Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
38.  Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
39.  Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.                 
40.  Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
41.  Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
42.  Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
V. Anwser the following questions:
43.  What are the main features of the English compounds?
  Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calcu-lable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.
44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
    Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.
    Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.

Chapter 4：Syntax  
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.
2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.
3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speak-er are known as linguistic competence.
5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.
9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.