英语语言学常见名词解释(2)
本站小编 免费考研网/2016-08-06
8. What is interchangeability?
Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. Though some people suggest that there is sex differentiation in the actual language use, in other words, men and women may say different things, yet in principle there is no sound, or word or sentence that a man can utter and a woman cannot, or vice versa. On the other hand, a person can be the speaker while the other person is the listener and as the turn moves on to the listener, he can be the speaker and the first speaker is to listen. It is turn-taking that makes social communication possible and acceptable. Some male birds, however, utter some calls which females do not (or cannot). When a dog barks, all the neighboring dogs bark. Then people around can hardly tell which dog (dogs) is (are) “speaking” and which listening.
9.Why do linguists say language is human specific?
First of all, human language has six “design features” which animal communication systems do not have, at least not in the true sense of them. Secondly, linguists have done a lot trying to teach animals such as chimpanzees to speak a human language but have achieved nothing inspiring. Washoe, a female chimpanzee, was brought up like a human child by Beatnice and Alan Gardner. She was taught “American sign Language”, and learned a little that made the teachers happy but did mot make the linguistics circle happy, for few believed in teaching chimpanzees. Thirdly, a human child reared among animals cannot speak a human language, not even when he is taken back and taught to do so.
10. What functions does language have?
Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. According to Wang Gang (1988,p.11), language has three main functions: a tool of communication, a tool whereby people learn about the world, and a tool by which people learn about the world, and a tool by which people create art . M .A. K. Halliday, representative of the London school, recognizes three “Macro-Functions”: ideational, interpersonal and textual.
11. What is the phatic function?
The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts(rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. Much of the phatic language (e.g. “How are you?” “Fine, thanks.”) is insincere if taken literally, but it is important. If you don't say “Hello” to a friend you meet, or if you don’t answer his “Hi”, you ruin your friendship.
12. What is the directive function?
The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “Tell me the result when you finish.” Other syntactic structures or sentences of other sorts can, according to J. Austin and J. Searle’s “Indirect speech act theory” at least, serve the purpose of direction too, e.g., “If I were you, I would have blushed to the bottom of my ears!”
13. What is the informative function?
Language serves an “informational function” when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labelled as true (truth) or false (falsehood). According to P. Grice’s “Cooperative Principle”, one ought not to violate the “Maxim of Quality”, when he is informing at all.
14. What is the interrogative function?
When language is used to obtain information, it serves an “interrogative function”. This includes all questions that expect replies, statements, imperatives etc., according to the “indirect speech act theory”, may have this function as well, e.g., “I’d like to know you better.” This may bring forth a lot of personal information. Note that rhetorical questions make an exception, since they demand no answer, at least not the reader’s/listener’s answer.
15. What is the expressive function?
The “expressive function” is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings or attitudes of the speaker. Subconscious emotional ejaculations are good examples, like “Good heavens!” “My God!” Sentences like “I’m sorry about the delay” can serve as good examples too, though in a subtle way. While language is used for the informative function to pass judgment on the truth or falsehood of statements, language used for the expressive function evaluates, appraises or asserts the speaker’s own attitudes.
相关话题/英语语言学
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/102086.html 封面 内容简介 目 录 第1章 导 言 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 课后习题详解 1.3 考研真题与典型题详解 第2章 音位学 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 课后习题详解 2.3 考研真题与典型题详解 第3章 形态学 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 课后习题详解 ...辅导考试考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2016-07-04丁言仁《英语语言学纲要》笔记和课后习题详解
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/51927.html 封面 目录 第1章 我们身边的语言 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 课后习题详解 第2章 英语语法 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 课后习题详解 第3章 英语语音系统和书写系统 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 课后习题详解 第4章 英语语义和词汇 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 ...辅导考试考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2016-07-04丁言仁《英语语言学纲要》配套题库【课后习题+章节题库(含名校考研真题)+模拟试题】
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/94946.html 封面 内容简介 目录 第一部分 课后练习 说明:我们对丁言仁主编的《英语语言学纲要》教材每章的课后习题进行了详细解答。课后习题答案经多次修改,质量上乘,非常标准,特别适合应试作答和临考冲刺。 第1章 我们身边的语言 第2章 英语语法 ...辅导考试考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2016-07-04陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》笔记和课后习题详解
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/100589.html 封面 内容简介 目录 第1章 导 言 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 课后习题详解 第2章 英语语音 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 课后习题详解 第3章 英语语言单位 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 课后习题详解 第4章 英语语言结构(I) 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 课后 ...辅导考试考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2016-07-04陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》配套题库【课后习题+章节题库(含名校考研真题)+模拟试题】
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/107865.html 封面 内容简介 目录 第一部分 课后习题 说明:我们对陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》教材每章的课后习题进行了详细解答。课后习题答案经多次修改,质量上乘,非常标准,特别适合应试作答和临考冲刺。 第1章 导 言 第2章 英语语音 第3章 英 ...辅导考试考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2016-07-04戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)课后习题详解
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/24073.html 封面 内容简介、编委 目录 第1章 导言 第2章 音位学 第3章 形态学 第4章 句法学 第5章 语义学 第6章 语用学 第7章 语言变化 第8章 语言与社会 第9章 语言与文化 第10章 语言习得 第11章 第二语言习得 第12章 语言与大脑 ...辅导考试考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2016-07-04戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)配套题库【课后习题+章节题库(含名校考研真题)+模拟试题】
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/24708.html 封面 内容简介、编委 目录 第一部分 课后习题 第1章 导 言 第2章 音位学 第3章 形态学 第4章 句法学 第5章 语义学 第6章 语用学 第7章 语言变化 第8章 语言与社会 第9章 语言与文化 第10章 语言习得 第11章 ...辅导考试考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2016-07-042010年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试试题
专业课考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2015-12-272006年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试试题
2006年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试试题 一、单选题。 1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A) Language is a system. B) Language is symbol C) Animals also have language. D) Language is arbitrary. 2.The word partner reduction is an example of _______ in wo ...专业课考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2015-12-27戴炜栋英语语言学试卷精粹
第一部分 选择题 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people ...专业课考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2015-10-19