8)William Blake ( 1757—1827)
1) Life
He lived into the 19th century. In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet. Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature. His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.
His visionary梦想的 experience:
Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniques
He believed the power of imagination. With it a poet can reach out. Blake and Burns彭斯—the romantic revival复活—to break away with the convention习俗，协议
2) His work
Songs of Innocence天真之歌→delight
Songs of Experience经验之歌→confusion困惑
They show two contrary states of human souls
London:I wander thro’ each charter’d street, near where the ….
It is taken from The Songs of Experience. Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive综合的 picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.资本家
Background: industrial revolution, the fog city
The scene was in London, in Blake’s time.
The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night…..
It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blake’s best known poems. The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement. What imagination inspires the creator
1.    The image of the maker is complete. the process of creating tiger.
Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔 
The whole poem is consisted of questions—are not able to be answered
The Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring” weep, weep” in notes of woe!
The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney
9 ) Robert Burns罗伯特。彭斯：the greatest Scottish poest.主要作品：my heart’s in the highlands我的心呀在高原，John Anderson, my jo约翰。安徒生，我爱，a red, red rose一朵红红的玫瑰, to a mouse致小鼠
Part VII   The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期
A new movement appeared in the literary area with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集by William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯and Samul Taylor. Coleridge柯勒律治 in 1798. Coleridge’s chief contribution was his masterpiece The rime of the ancient mariner古舟子咏
1.    Historical Background
French Revolution，American Revolution，The Industrial Revolution
2.    Intellectual Background
Rousseau卢梭 (1712—1778) the French philosopher, is generally regarded as the father of romanticism.
English Romanticism: a kind of emotional outlook, an attitude towards life. Individual is the center of all life and experience, cast its eye on human being, individual, the intense强烈的 subjectivity主观性, concerned with nature, express s strong like for nature. Interest in supernatural; take an interest in the past—ancient civilization represented by Greece and Rome.
1832 was the year the Romantic writer Scott dies
1836 was the year when Queen Victoria inherited the throne, the start of Victorian Age.
The older generation: Wordsworth, Coleridge
The younger generation: Byron拜伦, Shirley雪莱, and Keats济慈
Characteristic features of the romantic movement( more can be added)
(1)    Subjectivism主观主义: imagination.
(2)    Spontaneity自发性: A work of art must be original. The role of instinct本能, intuition直觉, and the feeling of “ the heart” is stressed.
(3)    Singularity奇怪: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid壮丽的, the picturesque生动的, and the illogical.
(4)    Worship of nature:
(5)    Simplicity: Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic乡村的 people. A reviva复活 of folk literature, a sense of universal brotherhood, a growing sympathy for the suffering of the people.
(6)    There is a dominating note of melancholy忧郁的 in the poems of the romantic poets.
(7)     The use of free verse form
The characteristics of Gothic novels( search from the Google)
Authors
William Wordsworth (1770—1850)威廉。华兹华斯
1.    his life
His love for nature is boundless. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains and lakes. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him the embodiment体现 of the Divine神圣的 Spirit. He believes the God and universe are identical同一的
2,his work:大部分主题是关于nature and country life.主要有：lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey丁登寺，the prelude序曲，the excursion漫游，miscellaneous十四行诗
课文节选：
Tintern Abbey丁登寺
It is a meditation思考 on his mental精神的 grownup成年人
Selected挑选出的 reading:
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Way她住在人际罕见的路边：悼亡露西
I travelled among unknown men我在陌生人中孤独旅行
I wondered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云：it’s  about the beauty of nature.there is vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts.
The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女：在抒情中表达了华兹华斯的自然观，具有林秀之气和音韵之美。
  Soonet composed upon Westminster bridge在西敏寺桥上
  Soonet :London 1802
George Gordon Byron乔治。戈登。拜伦
His major contribution of romantic literature is the creation of Byronic hero冷笑而浪漫的主角, a mixture of good and evil.
Byron is hard to describe, moody喜怒无常, unstable, sensitive, melancholy忧郁, sad, he deliberately故意地 exile流放himself to a foreign, dared to die.
The early death of the Romantic poets-image: the poet will never grow old.      Poets die young. They have reached their peak.
Reading
Works: Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记, Cain该隐，Done juan唐璜
课文节选：
1.    She Walks in Beauty 她走在美的光彩中
This perfect beauty serves as the ideal for the poet, peace. Harmony. 和睦
2，Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记
3,  when we two parted想从前我们两分手
4.  The Isles of Greece颂希腊
It is taken from “ Don Juan唐璜”. It is among Byron’s most effective poetical utterance on national freedom. All the 16 stanzas节 that constituted the song are supported to have been sung by a Greek singer at the wedding feast宴会 of Don Juan and Haidee on an isle of Greece.
The past glory of the Greek people
The present state of enslavement奴役 by the Turkey土耳其
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)珀西。比西。雪莱
He was rebellious反抗的 from a very young age. He was a person of extreme personality. He wrote about the universe, lark宇宙 sky.
主要作品：pamphlet：the nescessity of atheism无神论的重要性 ，Queen mab麦布女王，adonais阿多尼斯，ode to the west wind西风颂，to a sky lark致云雀
课文节选：
Ozymandias奥西曼祶斯
He was a pharaoh of Egypt. He had several statues雕像 of himself built after he died.这首诗借埃及历史上的拉美西斯二世嘲讽封建专制，表达了对专制帝王的厌恶和蔑视。同时表明，尽管专制帝王曾经不可一世，但也不过是过往烟云，专制政权可以延续几百年，但在历史长河中不过是一瞬之间。
Antique古董的 land: Egypt, earliest civilization.文明
A song: man of england给英国兰人的歌
Ode to the West Wind：   Ode: it is used to express the poet’s feelings and emotion. 在此诗中，使人抒发了对大自然的热爱，歌颂了西风摧毁旧事物，孕育新事物的精神。诗歌以“如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗”结尾。
The cloud云：反映的是一个争取独立和追求幸福的人物形象。
To a sky-lark致云雀：运用云雀美妙的歌声，反映诗人向往美好未来的欢乐心情，表达他渴望自己也能用同样空灵的曲调宣扬革命理想，获得世人的倾听。是诗人追求理想主义的光辉诗篇。
John Keats约翰。济慈（1795—1821）
“ A thing of beauty is a joy for ever”.他一生崇尚美，追求美。
He was born in a lower class family. He abandoned medicine for poetry simply for its beauty. He is physically small. His father died when he was eight. His childhood was quite miserable. His tomb are carved:“ Here lies a one whose name is written with water.” 此地长眠者，声明水上书
课文节选：On first looking into chapman’s homer初读查普曼译荷马诗有感。 Ode to a nightingale夜莺颂  ode on a Grecian urn希腊古翁颂，to autumn秋颂，bright star灿烂的星
Walter scott华特。司各特：欧洲历史小说之父
这个时代的不同时期：the Crusades,the rise of absolute monarchy, the bourgeois revolution in England, the attempts to restore feudalism in the 18th century.十字军时期，君主专制制度的兴起，英格兰资产阶级革命，18四级欲恢复封建主义的尝试
His historical novel paved the path for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century.他的历史小说为19世纪现实主义小说的发展铺平了道路。
主要作品介绍：Waverley威弗利：establish its author as a novelist奠定了作者的小说家帝王 ， St. Ronan's well圣罗南之泉 ：is the only contemporary novel among the works of scott   Count robert巴黎的罗伯特伯爵： the last of scott's novels
课文节选：ivanhoe艾凡赫主要地点：cedric's ball大厅，ashby de la zouche阿什贝.德.拉.左克，isaac of york约克城，knights templar吞不拉司陀圣殿骑士院
重点词汇: pilgrim朝圣者
Rob roy罗布罗伊  重点句子： in the first selection francis’meeting with robroy is described. The second selection vividly depicts a skirmish战斗 between the highlanders高地居民 and the english