……他坚持要搞一个大型项目“哇”，意思是惊险游览，其中的主角是做得和实物一般大的恐龙。


 Chapter 7 Litotes ( 反译法)

1. Proper use of negative words
2. Conversion of positive into negative
A. Preposition
Ex. 1     It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.
他无权签订这种合同。
B. Verb
Ex. 2     The memory of this warm reception shall remain with us long after our departure from the beautiful and historical capital of this great country.
我们离开这个伟大国家古老、美丽的首都之后，你们的盛情款待将令我们久久不能忘怀。
C. Adjective
Ex. 3     Indeed, Chenault’s biggest pressures over the coming months won’t be in the backroom but on the bottom line. As America’s newest celeb CEO takes the reins, his company seems to be in surprisingly good shape – with an Amex card being swiped somewhere in the U. S. every hundredth of a second. Ken Chenault’s job, somehow, is to make that look slow.
……从一定意义上说，肯•谢诺尔特的任务是，让这个速度看上去还不够快。
D. noun
Ex. 4     Shortness of time has required the omission of some states.
由于时间不够，我没能访问某些国家。
E. Connective
Ex. 5     The problems were particularly acute in the company's top ten major metro sales markets, where it had been five years since the company had received local media support.
在该公司的十大城市销售市场上，问题尤其严重，因为当地的新闻媒体已经五年没有为该公司做宣传了。
F. Idioms
Ex. 6     He will pay his debts when two Sundays come together.
他永远不会还债的。
3. Conversion of negative into positive
Ex. 7     The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation.
在苦难中，归国的念头一直在他心中萦绕。
Ex. 8     We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.
我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。
4. Shift of perspectives
A. Comparison
riot police 防暴警察
terror measures 反恐怖措施
crisis plan 应急计划
hunger march 反饥饿游行
self-taught 自学
10% discount 九折
it seems to me that... 我觉得……
Ex. 9     By the third criterion, the great literatures of the Orient spring to mind, not to mention the languages of Tolstoy, Goethe, Cervantes and Racine.
按照第三条标准来衡量，人们马上会想到东方各国的伟大文学， 且不提托尔斯泰、歌德、塞万提斯和拉辛使用的语言了。
Ex. 10    Since economic reform began in 1978, an average growth rate of almost 10% a year has seen China's GNP nearly quadruple.
自1978年开始经济改革以来，中国（经济）以每年将近10％的速度增长，国民生产总值几乎翻了两番。
B. Spatial shift
Ex. 11     But though the city was to undergo one of the worst punishment in the history of warfare thereafter, that was the low point.
不过，尽管这座城市即将遭受战争史上最为严酷的折磨，但是它的磨难已经到顶了。
C. Temporal shift
Ex. 12     But we are getting ahead of the story.
不过这是后话了。
5. Shift of word order
A. Priority shift
Ex. 13     National Foreign Language Center,
4th Floor, 1619 Massachusetts Avenue,
Washington D. C.,
the United States of America
美国华盛顿特区马萨诸塞大街1619号四层
国家外语中心
Ex. 14     We enclose a cheque for US$ 35,110 in settlement of your invoice No. SH2065 of 20th, April, 1997.
现随信寄上35110美元支票一张，以支付贵方1997年4月20日第SH2065号发票货款。
B. Collocative shift
Ex. 15     He witnessed the sixth post-war economic crisis of serious
1    2    3       4
consequences that prevailed in various fields in the USA.
      5                   6                7
他亲眼目睹了（…） 美国 战后 第六次 波及各领域的
               1     7    3    2         6
后果严重的 经济危机。
   5         4
Ex. 16     He was working with a mower in his garden all the morning.
   1         2           3
他一上午都在园子里 用剪草机干活。
     3        2        1
 
 Chapter 8 Amplification （扩大）

1. Introduction
2. Compensate for parts of speech
A. Adding measure words
Ex. 1     Beeny had a one-chair barbershop in the neighborhood.
比尼在那一带开了一家只有一张椅子的理发店。
Ex. 2     I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.
我替她担心得要命，可是此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜跟她争论一通。
Ex. 3     A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.
一弯小溪蜿蜿蜒蜒，穿过山谷，流到江中。
B. Adding auxiliaries
Ex. 4     Don't take it seriously. I'm just joking.
不要当真嘛。我只是开个玩笑啦。
Ex. 5     Sino-British links have multiplied -- political, commercial, educational, cultural, defence, science and technology.
中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技等领域的交往成倍地增加。
C. Adding links
Ex. 6     The IMF’s refusal to lend Argentina more money to pay the interest on that debt is what set off the current crisis, but economists like Ferreres don’t think more foreign loans are the solution.
国际货币基金组织拒绝再借钱给阿根廷，以偿还此类贷款的利息，从而引发了眼下这场危机，但费雷雷斯以及持相同观点的经济学家认为，继续大举外债并不能解决问题。
3. Completing meanings
A.         Comparison
carbondioxide = 二氧化碳
cousin＞表兄弟；
dog＜犬；
state≈国；
London＝0。
B. Compensating for associated meanings
Ex. 7     It was only when Sadat introduced his “Open Policy” (enshrined in the famous Law of 1974) that the climate began to change.
直到萨达特实行了“开放政策”（它被郑重地写进著名的1974年法律中），埃及的投资环境才开始发生改变。
C. Compensating for grammatical meanings
Ex. 8     Britain's railway system is being improved.
英国的铁路系统日臻完善。
Ex. 9     Automobile factories were closing down in early 1961.
1961年初，汽车工厂纷纷倒闭。
Ex. 10    Should anyone call, tell him to wait for me here.
万一有人来找我，让他在这里等我。
D. Completing the structure
Ex. 11     Often, however, tariffs are protective and are designed to carry out a particular economic policy.
然而，关税经常具有保护性质，并用以贯彻一项具体的经济政策。
Ex. 12     A stock market bubble requires the cooperation of everyone.
股市泡沫需要人人参与才能产生。
E. Completing the omitted part
Ex. 13     We don't retreat, we never have and never will.
我们不后退，我们从未后退过，将来也决不会后退
Ex. 14     Any leak, even at this late date, could have tremendous international                 repercussions.
只要稍有泄漏，即使迟至今日，也可能在国际上引起巨大反响。
4. Explanatory Addition
Ex. 15    As a result, a few token meetings were being set up through Foggy Bottom, the more-than-ever appropriate nickname for the Department of State. It describes Secretary Rogers' influence -- foggy and at the bottom.
结果，在“雾谷”各级部门开了几次象征性的会议。“雾谷”这个绰号如今对国务院来说，真是再贴切不过了，它说明了国务卿罗杰斯的境况：虚无飘渺如“雾”，地位低下如“谷”。
Ex. 16     The FMA trader hesitated, trying to outguess the other, wondering which way the rate would go.
第一商业银行的货币交易员犹豫了一下，因为他不知利率是看涨还是看跌，想摸透对方话里的意思。
5. Rhetoric addition
Ex. 17     Premier Zhou would later tell him, "Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world -- 25 years of no communication."
周总理事后对他说：“你是跨越了世界上最浩瀚的大洋——二十五年的相互隔绝——来同我握手的。”



 Chapter 9 Omission

1. Introduction
2. Omission in translation of
A. Pronouns
- Personal pronoun
Ex. 1     We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter.
我方（…）保证（…）立即处理此事。
- Non-personal pronoun
Ex. 2     Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long in it.
无论是（…）什么样的地方，只要（…）住久了，（…）总会喜欢上（…）的。
- Relative pronoun
Ex. 3     Few people do business well who do nothing else.
（…）除了生意之外什么事也不做的人是做不好生意的。
B. Connectives
- Parallel
Ex. 4     Let us join and proceed together.
让我们携手（…）并进。
- Subordinates
Ex. 5    However, such change is not easy and can be accomplished only when leaders of both sides have no illusions, talk candor, and meet differences head-on.
然而，要实现这种改变并非轻而易举，只有（…）双方领导人不抱幻想、开诚布公、正视分歧，才能做到这一点。
C. Articles
- Definite
Ex. 6     The governments of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China agreed to hold senior talks regularly on matters of mutual interest.
（…）美利坚合众国政府和（…）中华人民共和国政府同意就共同关心的问题定期举行高级会晤。
- Indefinite
Ex. 7     Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into the same group.
物以（…）类聚，人以（…）群分。
D. Prepositions
Ex. 8     The Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai on July 1, 1921.
中国共产党于一九二一年七月一日在上海成立。
E. Rhetoric omission
Ex. 9     The price of the products should be set according to the price in the international market. It should be fixed by the two parties at a level that will bring profit to both.
产品价格应由双方根据国际市场价格共同商定，（…）使双方共同获利。
3. Merging
A. Parallel structure
Ex. 10     The documents involved in counter-purchase agreements are far more complicated than any normal commercial deal, where money changes hands and that is that.
回购协议所涉及的文件比任何正常商业交易要复杂得多，后者只是钱一转手就完事了。
B. Attributives （定语的翻译）
Ex. 11     They reviewed the international situation in which important changes and great upheavals are taking place and expounded their respective positions and attitudes.
双方回顾了正在发生重大变化和巨大动荡的国际形势，并阐明了各自的立场与态度。
Ex. 12     It was a hope which reflected the conviction expressed some years earlier by the then British Prime Minister.
这个希望反映了若干年前当时在任的英国首相表达过的信念。
比较：这是一个反映了若干年前当时在任的英国首相表达过的信念的希望。（前置）
或：这是一个希望，它反映了若干年前……。（分译）
C. Others
Ex. 13     That he will come to the discussion is certain.
他肯定会来参加讨论的。
Ex. 14     A tariff may be defined as a tax which is put on a commodity when it crosses a national boundary.
所谓关税，可以这样来定义，即对过境商品征收的税项。


 Chapter 10
Splitting and Merging

1. Collocative splitting
Ex. 1    But this naval competition strained the Liberal Government's principles as well as their budgets.
但是，这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。
Ex. 2     It (the railroad company) was a weary, money-losing mess, long weakened by vigorous competition from truckers in its home state of California.
它一蹶不振、连年亏损、管理混乱，在其老家加州早已因来自公路运输的强大竞争而变得岌岌可危。
2. Structural splitting
Ex. 3     The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.
中国人似乎为他们的经济成就感到自豪，这是无可非议的。
（比较：中国人似乎为他们的经济成就感到无可非议的自豪。）
Ex. 4     Jordan cannot politely turn down the invitation to an Arab foreign ministers conference.
约旦不能拒绝阿拉伯外长会议的邀请，否则，在礼节上是说不过去的。
（比较：约旦不能有礼貌地拒绝阿拉伯外长会议的邀请。）
Ex. 5     Kissinger wrote in his syndicated column that an unchecked Saddam would be able to "cause a worldwide economic crisis."
基辛格曾在多家报纸专栏里写道，对萨达姆若不加遏制，他就会“制造波及全球的经济危机”。
3. Phrasal splitting
Ex. 6     While recognizing that China alone must determine its fate, I urge China to open itself to the rich rewards of full participation in the community of trading nations.
我固然懂得，中国的命运必须由她自己来决定，但我仍然敦促中国全面加入到世界贸易大家庭中来，此举将给她带来丰厚的回报。
4. Clausal splitting
A. Attributives
Ex. 7     The Secretary-General has received the following communication which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1296 (XLIV).
秘书长已收到以下来函，现按经济及社会理事会第1296（XLIV）号决议予以散发。
Ex. 8     It’s a debate between investors who advocate relative return strategies and those who favor absolute-return investing.
这是一场投资人之间的争论；他们一派主张采取相对回报战略，另一派则支持绝对回报战略。
B. Appositives
Ex. 9     The following three points discuss some of the major reasons that good (i.e. complete and accurate) financial record keeping is crucial to the success of your business.
以下三点讨论的是几个主要原因，说明为什么记好（即完整和准确的）财务帐目对企业的成功至关重要。
5. Translating long sentences
A. Consecutive
Ex. 10     Many experts predict that in economic terms the tunnel will benefit
       1                 2               3
France more than Britain as they believe that the new industry
                       4

attracted to its vicinity opts less for prosperous Kent than for the
5
struggling Nord-Pas de Calais region with its wider spaces, lower
6
costs and more central position in the European Union.
                      7
许多专家预见到，从经济上看，英法隧道给法国带来的好处将超
       1            2                  3
过英国，因为他们认为，就隧道附近地区而言，新兴工业对繁荣
              4
的肯特郡的吸引力不如对正在苦苦挣扎的北加莱海峡地区大，后
                    5
者的空间大，成本低，又比较靠近欧盟的中心地带。
6                       7

B. Splitting & restructuring
Ex. 11     But on one final point Cantalupo, who has a raspy voice and a sly smile and looks a bit like Dick Cheney, wants to be very clear.
不过，在最后一点上，坎塔卢普打算说得十分明白。他嗓音嘶哑，面带狡黠的笑容，模样有点像副总统迪克•切尼。
Ex. 12     It is right here, at Geneva, whose very name evokes peace, the will to peace, cooperation among nations, that after long years of discussion, the negotiations were completed which had started on March 24, 1984 at Havana on the necessity of creating as part of the United Nations system a body responsible for regulating international trade.
日内瓦是一个唤起和平、唤起各国和平意愿与合作的地方。正是在此地，于1984年3月24日始于哈瓦那的旷日持久的谈判终于完成了。这次谈判的主题是，是否有必要在联合国系统内建立一个负责调节国际贸易的机构。
C. Reversal
Ex. 13    I feel there is no greater disrespect you can do to a person than to let them hang out in a job where they are not respected by their peers, not viewed as successful, and probably losing their self-esteem.
要是听任某人在一个岗位上无做作为，从而让同事们觉得他一事无成而不尊重他，这很可能使他自己失去自尊。我认为这才是对此人最大的不尊。


 Chapter 11 Replacing

1. Referential replacing
Ex. 1     ... before the war, your President and Mrs. Roosevelt came here on a vacation.
……战前，你们的罗斯福总统偕夫人来这里度过假。
Ex. 2     Bank officials, who have authorized $ 400 million for foreign steel ventures in the last five years, insist that their loans actually created jobs for Americans -- by generating demand for the U.S. exported components needed to build the foreign projects.
银行官员们在过去的五年里为在国外建钢铁厂贷出了四亿美元。他们坚持认为，这些贷款实际上为美国创造了就业机会－－即刺激了这些国外钢铁厂对美国出口设备的需求。
Ex. 3     If the greenhouse theory is correct, the earth's temperature will rise until the amount of radiation emitted from the planet is equal to the solar energy it absorbs.
如果温室效应理论是正确的，那么，地球温度将会升高，直到它的辐射量与它所吸收的太阳能量相等为止。
2. Indirect referential replacing
Ex. 4     Unlike their cousins, the petrochemical makers, who can ship by barge or pipeline, plastic makers are unusually dependent on railroads.
有机化工企业不像兄弟行业中的石化企业，可以通过驳船或管道来输送货物，它们通常依靠铁路运输。
Ex. 5     Profit margins are about 23%, better than for other Disney divisions, which post margins in the high teens.