Trade deficit贸易赤字: The amount by which a nation’s imports of goods exceeds its exports of goods.

Trade surplus贸易顺差: The amount by which a nation’s exports of goods exceeds it imports of goods.

Balance of trade贸易差额The value of a country’s exports minus the value of its imports.

Absolute Advantage绝对利益: The ability of a country to supply a particular product or class of goods at lower costs than competing nations.

Comparative advantage相对优势: The ability to produce a good at lower cost, relative to other goods, compared to another country.

Demand or reactive lag: It is the time it takes for consumers to respond to the emergence of new, low cost of the product.

International Product life cycle国际产品生命周期: Certain kinds of products go through a continuum, or cycle, that consists of roughly four stages-introduction, growth, maturity, and decline- and that the location of production will shift from one country to another depending on the stage in the products life cycle.

Non-tariff barriers非关税壁垒: All barriers other then protective tariff that nations erect to impede international trade, including import quotas, licensing requirements and so on.

MES(minimum efficient scale): 最低效率规模The lowest level of output at which a form can minimize lone-run average total cost.

Import quotas: 进口配额
 Government put a physical limit on the volume of a particular production which may be imported during a particular period of time.

Voluntary export restraints: 自愿出口限制restraints on exports that are self-imposed by an exporting country, although often in response to a threat that if such constraints are not imposed, the importing country will impose import quotes

Anti-dumping duties: 反倾销税special import duties imposed when a firm, following an enquiry, is assessed as having sold a product in the importing market at a price below the one it charges in the home market.

Countervailing duties: 反补贴税Additional duties imposed by the importing country to offset government subsidies in the exporting country, when the subsidized imports cause material injury to domestic industry in the importing country

Externalities: 外部效应Spillover benefits or costs arising from an economic activity that are not taken into account by producers, resulting in levels of production that are inappropriate from the standpoint of the economy as a whole.

Fundamental disequilibrium国际收支基本不平衡: A balance of payments surplus or deficits too great and/or enduring to be financed. It is easy to detect with hindsight, but difficult to detect at the onset

Capital stock: 股票总额The total available capital in a nation.

Primary produc初级产品t: A good that has not been processed and is therefore in its natural state, specifically products of agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining.
初级产品（Primary Commodity），

Intermediate goods中间产品；半成品: Products that are purchased for resale or further processing or manufacture.

Local content requirement当地含量要求: A requirement that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically.

Transfer of technology技术转移: the movement of a technology from its culture of origin to some different culture.

Adverse selection problem逆向选择问题: A problem is arising when information known to one party to a contract is not to known to the other party, causing the latter to incur major costs. E.g.: Individuals who have the poorest health are most likely to buy health insurance.

Balance of payments国际收支平衡表: A summary of all the transactions that took place between the individuals, firms, and governments units of one nation and those of all other nation during a year.

Current account活期存款帐户: The section in a nation’s international balance of payments that records its exports and imports of goods and services, its net investment income, and its net transfer.
Capital account: 资本项目
 The section in a nation’s international balance of payments that records the capital inflows and the capital outflows of that nation.

Double entry accounting复式簿记会计: A method of bookkeeping in which every entry is balanced by another entry. Correct double-entry accounting always provides a balanced set of books; that is, the total value of your asset accounts minus the total of your liability accounts will equal the total of your equity accounts.

Unilateral transfer单方面转移收支: Payment made by the government or private sector of one country to another as a gift or aid, not as payment for any good or service nor as an obligation.

Private transfer payments: It refers to gifts made by individual’s and non-government institutions to foreign.

Hot money短期流动资金: Money that moves rapidly across country borders in quick profits on debt or equities investments.

Par value: Face value. 票面价值The central value of a pegged exchange rate, around which the actual rate is permitted to fluctuate within set bounds. 　
 
Crawling pegs: 有限浮动汇率(制)；The currency is adjusted periodically in small amounts at a fixed rate or in response to changes in selective quantitative indicators, such as past inflation differentials vis-à-vis major trading partners, differentials between the inflation target and expected inflation in major trading partners, and so forth.

Key currency主要货币: It is one that is traded on world money markets, has demonstrated stable values over time and has been widely accepted as a means of international settlement.

Hedging: 对冲  金融学上，对冲指特意减低另一项投资的风险的投资。它是一种在减低商业风险的同时仍然能在投资中获利的手法。

Basket of currencies: 一篮子货币A group of currencies used to establish a value for some other currency.

Net capital inflows: 净资本流入It means the purchase of foreign assets by domestic residents is less than the purchase of domestic assets by foreign residents. 　
 
Net capital outflows: 资本净流出。It means the purchase of foreign assets by domestic residents is more than the purchase of domestic assets by foreign residents.

International monetary system: Or international monetary order or regime refers to the rules, customs, instruments, facilities, and organizations for effecting international payments.

Specie flow mechanism: 黄金流动机制Under the gold standard, the mechanism by which international payments would adjust. A country with high inflation would export less, import more, and thus lose specie, i.e., gold. With the money supply fixed to the quantity of gold, the resulting monetary contraction would reduce prices. Due to David Hume. 

Beggar thy neighbor: 以邻为壑效应

Cartel: 卡特尔，企业联合A group of firms that seeks to raise the price of a good by restricting its supply. The term is usually used for international groups, especially involving state-owned firms and/or governments.

Stand-by-arrangements:（备用信贷协议） It refers to advance permission for future borrowing by the nation in IMF.

Seignior age:（铸币利差）It is the profit accruing to a nation form issuing the currency or which its currency is used as an international currency.

Globalization全球化: The increasing worldwide integration of markets for goods, services, and capital that attracted special attention in the late 1990s.

Strategic alliances: 战略联盟are business alliances among companies that provide strategic benefits to the partners.

Privatization: 私有化 The conversion of a government-owned enterprise to private ownership.

Derivative market衍生金融工具市场: A derivatives market is any market for a derivative security, that is a contract which specifies the right or obligation to receive or deliver future cash flows based on some future event such as the price of an independent security or the performance of an index.

Technology diffusion: 技术扩散It is the dissemination of technical information and knowledge and the subsequent adoption of new technologies and techniques by users. Technology diffusion is a component in the broader innovation process.

Entry barrier: 进入障碍A natural or artificial impediment to a firm beginning to operate in an industry. Entry barriers give a first mover advantage to firms already in an industry, and these are often national firms in competition with potential foreign entrants.
 
Corporate strategy: 公司策略strategic planning or management decisions that effect the direction or performance of company.

Value chain: 价值链An organization's set of linked, value-creating activities, ranging from securing basic raw materials and energy to the ultimate delivery of products and services.

Expropriation征用(土地等)，The confiscation of private property by the State, with or without compensation or consent.
Differentiation. 差异化
: A key element in firms' competitive advantage. Refers to market conditions in which a product can vary in some significant way from firm to firm producing it, and purchasers demonstrate preferences about which supplier to patronize in terms of these non-price differences. Factors contributing to product differentiation include quality and performance variations, special service conditions, and advertising.

Extraterritoriality: 治外法权
Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. For instance, a citizen of country A may enjoy extraterritoriality while visiting country B. In that case, this person cannot legally be tried by the courts of country B for some alleged crime. Extraterritoriality can also be applied to physical places, such as embassies, consulates, or military bases of foreign countries.

Anti-trust反垄断法；反托拉斯: Government regulation intended to maintain competitive market structures, in order to protect trade and commerce from monopolies and restraints on competition such as collusive price-fixing and vertical restraints.

Transfer price: 转让价格Prices that one subsidiary of a firm pays for goods purchases from a second subsidiary.

Nationalization: 国有化 A process in which ownership of resources are transferred from the private to public sectors.

Intellectual property right: 知识产权 The right to control and derive the benefits from something one has invented, discovered, or created.

Merger and acquisition收购兼并: Combining of two or more entities through the direct acquisition by one of the net assets of the other.

Consumer market消费者市场
: An organization group of buyers and sellers of a particular product that are affected by its demand and supply.

Distribution channel: 分销渠道All the organizations and people involved in the physical movement of goods and services from producers to consumers.

Listed company上市公司: A company whose share have been quoted by the stock exchange.

Industrial complex: 工业联合企业A manufacturing area that consist of many different factories turning out different products.

Brand recognition: 品牌认知A product that has been recognized by local consumers.
Quota: 配额A restriction on the quantity of imports of a particular lines of products.

Organizational culture: 组织文化The common values, behavior patterns, institutions, and so on among employees of corporation.
Market economy市场经济: An economy in which the market is used to determine resource allocation, prices, and investments.

New economy: ： 新经济A different form of economy that is mainly supported by information technology sector instead of manufacturing.。

Bubble economy泡沫经济
: An economy that primarily depends on banking, financial markets and other transient operations.

 Venture capital: 风险资本Funds that are invested in new plants or other enterprises open to rather large risk of loss.

Business cycle: A period of time during which business moves form high activity through a running-down period to a state of low activity and then gradually improves and booms again.

Deregulation . 撤消管制规定: The ending of the existing system of regulations, especially by the government.

Public offering: 公开销售证券 A non-exclusive issue to the general public either bonds or stock by a firm in order to raise funds.

Bottleneck: 瓶颈Difficulties or things those are more likely to hinder normal production or prevent smooth economic development.
Information technology: All devices and knowledge that required to managed and kind of data.

Treasury bill: 短期国库券A U.S government short-term security sold to the public each week.

Capital stock: 股金总额The entire shares of a joint-stock company whose shareholders together from the ownership of the concern..

Product life cycle产品寿命周期: A theory states that certain kinds of products go through a cycle consisting of four stages(introduction, growth, maturity  and declines.
Junk bonds: 垃圾债券An interest-bearing certificate of debts that gives a higher yield but is issued by a company with low credit rating.

Liquidity: 流动资产Available cash or the capacity to obtain it on demand.

Multinational company跨国公司: A very large organization that owns companies in more than one country in order to obtain cheap raw materials and make efficient use of a local workforce.

Benchmark: 基准A standard by which something can be measured or judged.

Pricing policy: 定价政策A plan or statement of prices set by an organization for its products and services.

Money market金融市场: The institutions and practices through which short-term funds are channeled to borrowers and entrepreneurs.
 
Capital market: 资本市场A place where deals are made relating to long-term investment needed by business and pubic authorities. capital market

Collateral: 贷款担保物Property or an item of value that can be claimed by a person, bank or other organizations if a loan is not repaid.

Dow-Jones industrial Average: 道琼斯工业指数 An index of share prices quoted on the New York Stock Exchange for a group of 30 leading industrial companies

Blue chip: 蓝筹股A stock that sells at a high price because of public confidence in its long record of steady earning.

Social security社会保障: A government program that provides economic assistance to persons faced with unemployment, disability, or agedness, financed by assessment of employers and employees.

Reinsurance: 再保险 The purchase of insurance by an insurance company form another insurance company (reinsurer) to provide it protection against large losses on cases it has already insured.

Sanction: 制裁The penalty for noncompliance specified in a law or decree.
Speculation: 投机Engagement in risky business transactions on the chance of quick or considerable profit.

Value added tax: 增值税An indirect tax imposed on consumption that is reflective of the incremental increases on the value of goods through the chain of production, from the raw material phase to final consumption.

Fair trade: 互惠贸易Trade that conforms to a fair-trade agreement.

Subsidy津贴: A financial benefit, direct or direct, provided through financial contribution, policy measures or practices of a Government or any public body to producers or processors.

Trade liberalization: 贸易自由化 Reduction of tariffs and removal or relaxation of national trade barriers.

Trade barrier: 贸易壁垒Any barrier that may impede the import of goods, such as testing or certification.

Waiver: 弃权Permission granted by WTO members allowing a WTO member not to comply with normal commitments. Waivers have time limits and extensions have to be justified.

Arbitration: 仲裁The process by which the parties to a dispute submit their differences to the judgment of an impartial person or group appointed by mutual consent or statutory provision.

Dispute Settlement: 解决争端 Those institutional provisions in a trade agreement which provide the means for settling differences of view between the parties.

Copyright: 版权，著作权
The legal right granted to an author, a composed, a playwright, a publisher, or a distributor to exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work.

Trade sanction: 贸易制裁Use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo imposed against a country for violating human right.

Trade reciprocity ](贸易)互惠主义: The practice by which government extend similar concessions to each other, as when one government lowers its tariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concessions from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports.

Appellate Body: 上诉机构An independent body that , upon request by one or more parties to the dispute, reviews findings in panel reports.

Balance sheet: 资产负债表
 A financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time.

 Re-capitalization: The act or process of changing the capital structure of a company.

Cash flow: 资金流动The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth.

Labor-intensive: 劳动密集型的Requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital.

The chain of command: A system whereby authority passes down from the top through a series of executive positions or military ranks in which each is accountable to the one directly superior.

Productivity: 生产率The rate at which goods or services are produces, especially output per unit of labor.

Marker share: 市场份额 The proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures.

Intellectual capital: Assets or capital in the form of knowledge, patent or technology. Etc. 智力资本

Emerging markets: Markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence. 新兴市场

Portfolio investment证券投资: Investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies.。

Direct investment: 直接投资Investment made in a firm which attempts to exercises control over the management of the firm.

Electronic commerce: 电子商务
 Maintaining business relationships and selling information, service, and commodities by means of computer telecommunications networks.

Bond: . 】(政府、公司发行的)公债，债券A certificate of debt issued by a government or corporate guaranteeing payment of the original investment plus interest by a specified future date.