2018年北外英语语言文学考研基础英语真题回忆

本站小编 Free考研网/2019-05-28

一. 改错 30分(跟往年一样,还是文学评论和人物介绍,以下答案仅供参考)When Rudyard Kipling died on Jan. 18, 1936, just three weeks after his 70th birthday, he had been one of Britain\'s most heralded writers for no fewer than 47 years. During much of this time, he also used his fame to intervene politics as a propagandist, prophet and doomsayer. His standing in Britain was exceptional: for almost his entire adult life, he wrote in the knowledge that he would be read and he spoke with the expectation of being heard. His life\'s cause was defense of the British Empire, and he also opined of every imaginable topic. A conservative by instinct, a rebel at heart, his views were unpredictable: many echoed on the mood of the street, some were stridently pugnacious, a few unapologetically eccentric. His immense popularity guaranteed him for a lifelong pulpit. Yet how did he achieve this power at so young an age? Born in India in 1865, he was just 5 when he was shipped back to England and installed unhappily in a boarding house in Southsea. At 12 he was packed off to one of myriad boarding schools preparing boys to running the empire. Then at 16 he returned to India, there his father found him a job on a newspaper in Lahore. Yet only seven years later, when he arrived back in England, he was proclaimed as Tennyson\'s successor. His precocious talent, it seems, was born of sharp powers of observation, an ability to empathize ordinary people, and a fearless and fluent pen. His early political views reflected a belief that India was well served by British rule. Thus, moves to give Indians greater say in running the country stirred his fury. At 17, young Rud had the gall to assail the British viceroy of India in print. Soon, he was also publishing poems and stories, beginning with clever parodies of well-known British poets, then moving into political and social satire.
答案
1.intervene+in
2.Empire, and→but
3.opined of→on
4.echoed on (去掉)
5.guaranteed him for(去掉)
6.running→to run
7.India, there→where
8.proclaimed as (去掉)
9.empathize +with
10.Indians+a
二.阅读理解60分
A(单选)15分 3*5(美国债务问题,以时间历史顺序说明债务如何一步步扩大)
The Current State of the U.S. Debt As of June 7, 2016, the U.S. national debt stood at $19.279 trillion, which is 101% of our nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). This is more than double the national debt from 10 years ago, when it was 61% of GDP. However, when broader measures of debt are included, such as entitlement payments and government pensions, the actual debt load rises to a staggering 288% of GDP. The good news is that the rate of growth in national debt is slowing. The bad news is, even with a slowing growth rate, federal budget experts suggest that the high national debt may not be sustainable without significant reductions in government spending and an increase in tax revenues, a feat not likely to happen anytime soon with a polarized U.S. Congress. Under current circumstances, the national debt will soar to more than $30 trillion in 2026. How the National Debt Grew So Large The increase in national debt comes from the government spending more than it takes in, which creates a fiscal deficit in the year when it occurs. The fiscal deficit is added to the national debt every year. A surplus would reduce the national debt, but the government has not generated one since 1998 through 2001. The rapid increase in the national debt can be traced back to 1974, when it grew at an average annual rate of 10.9% through 1978. In 1980, when annual deficits spiked sharply, the rate of growth was 13.4% through 1990. These periods followed the decoupling of the dollar from the gold standard by President Richard Nixon in 1971. Since dollars were no longer redeemable in gold, and were backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, there was no limit on what Congress could spend. That newfound freedom ushered in the era of pork spending, in which politicians could add pet projects to bills to benefit people in their districts or states. These earmarks add billions of dollars to the budget each year. Although Congress imposes debt limits each year, a budget deal between Congress and the administration effectively removed them in 2015, allowing the government to borrow as much as it needs. In 1974, the fiscal deficit was $6.1 billion. By 1983, it mushroomed to $207 billion. Following the surpluses in 1998 to 2001, the deficits grew under President George W. Bush, reaching $459 billion in 2008. In President Barack Obama’s first year of office, the deficit ballooned to $1.4 trillion, due in large part to the stimulus package he enacted during the Great Recession. After four years of trillion-dollar deficits, the combination of a recovering economy, higher taxes and reduced government spending cut the deficit in half. In 2015, the deficit was $438 billion, and the projected 2016 deficit is $500 billion. Although that is a big improvement, the current deficit level is projected to add around $1 trillion to the national debt every two years. Deficits Are Going to Increase From Here Since 2007, the federal government has benefited from near-zero interest rates, which came about through its quantitative easing programs in the wake of the financial crisis. However, as the interest rates rise, the cost of maintaining the debt will increase. Interest on debt is projected to overtake military spending by 2021, which will require major cuts in domestic spending to avoid a dramatic debt increase. Over the next 10 years, interest on debt, Social Security and federal health care programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and Obamacare are expected to account for 83% of the projected increase in spending, driving the federal deficit back up to the trillion-dollar level. Short of drastic changes in the way Congress and the administration approaches the federal budget, the national debt is expected to continue on its current trajectory. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) says we can maintain the current debt-to-GDP level by either raising taxes or cutting spending, or a combination of both, by 1.1% of GDP if it is done today, or 1.9% if it is not done in the next 10 years. In the current political environment, in which neither side has an appetite for compromise, it is more likely to get done later rather than sooner.
B(单选)15分 3*5(双十一网购和阿里巴巴)
Alibaba sparks China’s consumer revolution This Saturday is Singles Day, which Alibaba, the Chinese ecommerce giant, has made into the world’s biggest fashion and gift-buying extravaganza. It is the climax of a “shopping and entertainment festival” that easily exceeds the sales of Black Friday and Cyber Monday in the US. Chinese shoppers spent $18bn online on November 11 last year, 82 per cent using mobile devices. This year, 140,000 brands, including 60,000 international names, are offering 15m items for sale. Singles Day is an expression of the power of Chinese ecommerce. The numbers, although huge, understate the significance of the phenomenon. China is experiencing a consumer revolution, comparable to the one that happened in Europe in the 18th century, culminating in the 19th-century invention of the department store. Alibaba and competitors such as JD.com are making ecommerce not merely efficient but entertaining. Singles Day, which Alibaba calls 11.11, started as a celebration by students in Nanjing and has become an online parade stimulating a frenzy of buying. David Hill, the producer of its countdown show on Friday evening, talks of mounting “a lavish experience that is emotionally satisfying and delivers a psychic reward activating people to go online at midnight”. Note the contrast with online shopping in the US and Europe, which draws its appeal from scale and price, rather than entertainment. If you desire fun, visit a shopping mall or a fashion boutique; if you want something cheaply and conveniently, go to Amazon to get it delivered. Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s founder, has done everything he can to eliminate the frictions of shopping. The difference reflects the gulf between the US and China in the development of physical retailing. Americans have many choices of places to shop, so Mr Bezos first focused on the efficiency that only a digital platform can deliver. China is a less mature market outside the big cities and Alibaba’sTmall and JD.com sell global brands online that shoppers cannot otherwise buy. These companies have to offer the entire experience of shopping, including the fun of browsing and discovering things. Alibaba calls this “new retail” — the integration of ecommerce with stores with apps and augmented reality. “I truly believe shopping is fun,” says Chris Tung, Alibaba’s chief marketing officer. “When you open the box, your heartbeat speeds up a little bit.” The growth of shopping in China mirrors the past. “Novelty, fashion, adaptation and innovation — the fuel of consumer societies — were the product of east-west exchange,” Frank Trentmann writes in Empire of Things, his history of global consumerism. The 18th-century revolution started with the import of spices, coffee and tea to Europe, along with porcelain from China.
Europe’s consumerism grew out of urbanisation: the growth of cities where people could both make and spend money. A similar phenomenon is occurring in China. Morgan Stanley estimates that private consumption could reach 47 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product by 2030, with most consumption growth in lower-tier cities to which people are flowing from rural areas. Consumerism blurred social classes in Europe after the lifting of the sumptuary laws of the late Middle Ages, originally imposed to curb luxury and prevent the masses from dressing like aristocrats. The twist in post-revolutionary China was that everyone had to dress like a peasant; on Singles Day, the new middle class can please itself. This raises a question for a society that still counts itself as being under Communist rule. The 18th-century upsurge in consumerism predated the industrial revolution, and some historians argue that one led to the other — the heavy demand for imported goods provoked technological advances in British manufacturing. But you never know where a revolution will lead, as 18th-century England discovered. There may yet come a clash between Chinese consumer power and party discipline. One era’s retail entertainment is another’s sin.
C 判断正误T or F 15分 5*3
(无原文)讲美国45-54岁中年白人的寿命问题mid-age, mid-class
D Gap Filling 六选五 15分 5*3
讲养老金性别歧视问题(原文源自《经济学人》2017.10.7一期)
Silver and Gold
Unequal at work, men and women are even more so in retirement
The gender pensions gap is even wider than the pay gap
“THE retirement-savings crisis is a womens crisis, says Sallie Krawcheck, co-founder of Ellevest, a financial advice firm for women in America. When it comes to retirement income, women are far worse-off than men. The gender pension-gap may be less well-known than the gender pay-gap, but it is in fact far larger.
1.Among those retired in the EU, women on average receive 39% less in pension incomefrom state and workplace pensionsthan men do (see chart). This puts women at greater risk of old-age poverty. The European Institute for Gender Equality, a think-tank, warned in a study in 2015 that it also makes them more likely to stay with abusive partners. Reforms to European pensions, tying benefits even closer to individual contributions and thus income, mean the gap may widen further.
The schism is primarily a reflection of the labour market. Women on average work fewer hours than men, in less well paid jobs, for fewer years. So of course their workplace pensions are smaller. But retirement is more costly for women. In Europe they retire on average earlier than men and live five years longer. Longer lives are not a problem if the state or a company has promised to pay a fixed income until death. In the EU, annuities are not allowed to discriminate on gender grounds and so are a better deal for women than men. 2.But women also have longer periods of illness and are twice as likely to live alone in old age. And they tend to be more cautious than men, often preferring cash or fixed-income investments. Mercer, a consultancy, found that women are 67% more likely than men to invest in a defensive fund with a lower expected level of growth. So women without a fixed pension tend to be worse off.
The gap is greatest in countries where workplace pensions make up a big chunk of retirement savings, or where state benefitssuch as social security in Americaare linked to lifetime contributions. In the Netherlands, which has a long tradition of quasi-mandatory workplace pensions, men are not only more likely to have a work pension pot, but it will also be twice as large, because most women work part time and retire earlier.
3.In Germany the gap is far more pronounced in the west than in the east, where more women work, partly a hangover of the communist past. Then women worked almost as much as men and pensions were tied to years worked, not income. That helps explain the small pension gaps among the retired in former Soviet countries. Such historical legacies must be kept in mind when projecting what the gaps might be in the future, says Ole Beier, from the OECD, a think-tank.
A few recent developments, however, may aggravate the problem, notably a steady shift from public to private pensions. This is vital if state pensions are to be affordable as societies age. But unless women earn and save more, the gap will widen. 4.And after years of progress in many countries, the pay differential between men and women has stopped narrowing.
Add to this the growing divorce rates among the over-60s (in America they have doubled since 1990), and it is clear a storm is brewing, most urgently for women entering retirement. Some women can count on spousal pensions, others may not be so lucky. Women starting their careers have most cause for concern. Their pensions will depend more than previous generations on what they put in.
Prescriptions for narrowing the gap in workforce pay are well-known. 5.Access to affordable child care, paid parental leave and flexible working all help. Abolishing lower retirement ages for women, as is happening in most OECD countries, will also help. But even so, for the immediate future women are likely to continue to have different career trajectories from mens, with more breaksfor raising children and caring for the elderlyand fewer promotions. Diane Garnick, from TIAA, a financial-services firm, says that many women think that so long as they put the (default) recommended share of their pay into a savings pot they are on track, even if in absolute terms the number is too low.
She suggests that part of the solution could be for employers to nudge women to contribute a larger share of their pay towards their pension than men do. She estimates that an American woman graduate starting on the same salary as a man will need to save 18% of her salary compared with a mans 10% to achieve the same retirement outcome over a lifetime. Mr Beier adds that it also makes a big difference if pension savings continue during maternity leave, thanks to (near) full maternity pay.
Merely focusing on equality, however, is not enough. The chart might suggest that female pensioners in Estonia are sitting pretty. Yet among the 75-plussers in the EU, none is poorer than an Estonian; and almost nowhere is the gap between male and female life-expectancy greater, meaning older women often live alone in poverty or close to it. That men are not much better off is little consolation.
三.翻译60分
1.英译汉30分(哲学类)
个人主义,探寻自我与获得幸福快乐,跟美国人有关(individualism, self-recovery and happiness pursuit, inside out and outside in)
2.汉译英30分(政经类)
生态文明的核心问题是如何正确处理人与自然的关系……人类源于自然,而且生存与发展依赖于自然……人类不是被动地适应自然的“奴仆”……2019年!
咨询qq+微信**
电话:** 叶老师


相关话题/人类 自然 汉译英 哲学 生态文明

  • 领限时大额优惠券,享本站正版考研考试资料!
    大额优惠券
    优惠券领取后72小时内有效,10万种最新考研考试考证类电子打印资料任你选。涵盖全国500余所院校考研专业课、200多种职业资格考试、1100多种经典教材,产品类型包含电子书、题库、全套资料以及视频,无论您是考研复习、考证刷题,还是考前冲刺等,不同类型的产品可满足您学习上的不同需求。 ...
    本站小编 Free壹佰分学习网 2022-09-19
  • 2018年复旦大学中国哲学考研真题(回忆版)
    中国哲学史:1.名词解释(7题,每题5分)为仁由己上善若水《论衡》《明夷待访录》虚壹而静寄言以出意格义2.简答题(3题,每题15分)老子天地不仁,以万物为刍狗....这句化性起伪三纲领八条目3.论述题(2题,每题35分)王阳明心即理孟子与告子人 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2018年北京大学外国哲学考研真题
    2018年北京大学外国哲学考研真题mp.weixin.qq.com/s12年始终如一:北大考研专家联系QQ:**微信:**手机:**北大官方微信公众账号:bdkylm ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2019华东师范大学中国哲学考研初复试经验分享(含参考书目、考试题型)
    如果家里条件允许,可以考虑一对一辅导班,针对院校专业的重难点进行授课,或者了解院校信息可以关注微信公众号华东师大考研联盟 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 原创2019年武汉大学中国哲学初复试最细致考研经验
    一初试1.考试科目:政治英语一638哲学基础844中国哲学史2.专业课参考书目近年武大官方并没有给出参考书目,综合以往经验,推荐给大家如下书目:专业课参考书目1.武汉大学考三门课(中西马)精读类(或细读)(1)中国哲学《中国古典哲学名著选读》(重点,我是一字一句精读了的)郭齐勇编著人民出版社《中国哲 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2019年南开大学哲学院逻辑学考研经验贴
    前天复试结束,已经拟录取,回想去年那一年的努力也算没有白费。考哲学的人不多,经验也不多,因此发一个帖子,看看能不能帮帮20考研的小伙伴吧~我想到哪说哪[害羞]先说说专业课吧。考逻辑学专业课可以选择马哲和形式逻辑或者马哲和西哲。我选择的是形式逻辑,一本南开逻辑学教研室主编的《逻辑学基础教程》就够了,大 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 苏州科技大学2019年研究生考试大纲-中外哲学史
    一考试基本要求本科目适用于哲学专业所有研究方向。分值比例为:《中国哲学史》《西方哲学史》各占50%。基本要求为:认真阅读指定的考试书目,把握基本史料,理解思想内涵,提高思辨能力。弄清中西哲学史上重要哲学家的基本思想及其发生发展的基本规律和逻辑线索。二考试内容和考试要求第一部分《中国哲学史》第一编 先 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 苏州科技大学2019年研究生考试大纲-马克思主义哲学原理
    一考试基本要求《马克思主义哲学原理》考试大纲适用于报考苏州科技大学哲学一级学科的各个方向的硕士研究生入学初试。考试基本要求是:在全面深入学习考试参考书目《马克思主义哲学》基础上,准确理解考试相关内容中的基本概念;熟练掌握马克思主义哲学的基本原理;能够理论联系实际,运用马克思主义哲学基本原理正确分析当 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 湖南大学2019考试大纲708西方哲学史
    《西方哲学史》考试大纲一课程的性质地位哲学史属于人类认识史或思想史,是一门重要的人文学科。从泰勒斯开始一直到费尔巴哈为止的西方哲学史是西方思想史的核心,并且与西方宗教史艺术史科学史相互作用相互影响。西方哲学史是整个哲学学科的一门重要的基础性课程。二.考核的知识点本课程主要考察三个方面的内容:一是西方 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2019年中国地质大学(武汉)研究生611 自然地理学 考试大纲-硕士
    试卷结构基本概念约30%基本原理与简要问题回答约40%综合论述与综合分析约30%注:以上比例与实际出题可能有一定出入。自然地理学一绪论考试内容地理学地理环境人类环境地理学的划分自然地理学的分科自然地理学的研究对象任务自然地理学与其他学科的关系。考试要求:1掌握地理环境和人类环境的概念和区别。2理解地 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2019年北京师范大学硕士生哲学专业招生复试分数线、复试方案及调剂方案
    考研高分咨询电话:**4邱老师 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2020-2021年首师大自然地理学考研考试科目、复试分数线、参考书目、考研经验!
    一学院介绍首都师范大学资源环境与旅游学院始建于1954年的地理专业,1957年建立地理系,2001年7月正式更名为资源环境与旅游学院。拥有211工程重点建设学科首都圈环境过程与数字模拟北京市重点学科&m ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2020-2021年北京大学中国哲学、就业方向、招生情况、复试分数线、考研排名等考研经验分享
    就业方向毕业研究生可在高等院校哲学社会科学研究部门各级党校政府机关出版宣传或图书馆博物馆等部门工作,从事有关中国哲学与文化的教学研究和宣传,编辑整理古籍等工作招生情况复试分数线考研排名参考书目中国哲学史(1-4册)任继愈人民出版社中国哲学大辞典方克立中国社会科学出版社中国现代哲学史张文儒郭建宁北京大 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2020-2021年北师大社会学院人类学考研招生情况、分数线、参考书目、经验指导、复试办法!
    一北师大人类学考研招生情况030303人类学01人类学理论与方法02应用人类学03教育人类学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③771人类学理论④929人类学研究方法复试:社会人类学2019年拟招收4人,含接收推免生2人左右二北师大人类学考研参考书目推荐北师大近几年开始不公布 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2019年南开大学中国哲学考研初试+复试经验贴
    南开中国哲学专业专业课考两门,分别是科目一:马克思主义基本原理,科目二:中国哲学史。参考书目主要是刘文英的《中国哲学史》(南开大学出版社)和肖前的《马克思主义基本原理》(中国人民大学出版社),用近几年的最新版本也可,之前的老版亦可,不必过于纠结新旧版的问题,主要参考书目只有这两个,分别都有上下两册, ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28
  • 2019年北京大学010108科学技术哲学、就业前景、招生情况、考研排名等考研经验
    就业前景总体来说,科学技术哲学本身就是一个搞研究的专业,所以其就业面并不广泛,最好的前景是搞学术研究。此专业毕业后可以在高校任职与哲学有关的工作,具体来说可以在高校任职思想教育或哲学老师,文笔好也可以搞哲学研究,写哲学论文。工作去向:1高校教学科研人员:传授哲学知识,研究专门课题。2部委及各研究机构 ...
    本站小编 Free考研网 2019-05-28