考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。 考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。 I. Vocabulary & Grammar (30%)Directions: There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. Whenever possible, Ina ________ how well she speaks Japanese. A. shows upB. shows aroundC. shows offD. shows out2. As the director can’t come to the reception, I’m representing the company________. A. on his accountB. on his behalfC. for his partD. in his interest 3. The price of the coal will vary according to how far it has to be transported and how expensive the freight ________ are. A. paymentsB. chargesC. fundsD. prices4. The ball ________ two or three times before rolling down the slope. A. swayedB. bouncedC. hoppedD. darted 5. He has been transferred to the University of Maryland Medical Center and is waiting to ________ surgery.A. undergoB. unfoldC. underestimateD. undertake6. We hold these truths to be self-_______: that all men are created equal. A. essentialB. eternalC. evidentD. exquisite 7. The bear clawed the hunter within _______ of his life. A. closeB. reachC. a spaceD. an inch 8. The third candidate is a ________. She’s new to politics and is just beginning her campaign.A. white elephantB. dark horseC. sleeperD. big hit9. We go to the Summer Palace on foot ________. A. on purposeB. on occasionsC. on behalfD. on trial 10. It was cloudy this morning, but it ________ fine. A. turned onB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out 11. In his ________ to further knowledge of the universe, man has now begun to explore space. A. attemptB. expeditionC. trialD. chase12. The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our ________ almost two hours later. A. designationB. destinyC. destinationD. dignity 13. The nuclear family ________ a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children. A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to 14. Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that elderly Americans are ________ by social isolation and loneliness. A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended 15. The Pacific island attracts shoals of tourists with its rich ________ of folk arts.A. heritageB. heredityC. heroismD. hermitage 16. It is imperative that students ________ their term papers on time.A. handing inB. handed inC. hand inD. would hand in 17. An old woman was badly hurt in ________ the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whatever 18. ________ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace. A. If walkingB. While walkingC. WalkingD. When one is walking19. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys ________ to go to school. A. to be encouragedB. been encouragedC. being encouragedD. be encouraged20. Joan didn’t go to the party last night because she ________ the baby for her sister until 9:30. A. must have looked afterB. would have to looked after C. had to look afterD. should have looked after 21. We are going to London next month. This will be the first time I ________ there. A. have traveledB. travelC. will travelD. am traveling 22. John is ________ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam. A. no lessB. no moreC. not lessD. no so 23. Americans eat ________ as they actually need every day. A. twice as much proteinB. twice protein as much twice C. twice protein as muchD. protein as twice much 24. Who ________ was coming to see me in my office this afternoon? A. you saidB. did you sayC. did you say thatD. you did say25. She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, ________? A. hadn’t sheB. hasn’t sheC. wouldn’t sheD. didn’t she26. ________ you ________ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice.A. If; hadB. Have; hadC. Should; haveD. In case; had27. ________ we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD.As well as28. Among the first to come and live in North America ________, who later prospered mainly in New England. A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there 29. _______ there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith ________ the invitation to visit that area. A. If he knew; would have declinedB. If he had known; would decline C. Had he known; would declineD. Had he known; would have declined30. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could ________. A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning
II. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions:This part consists of two sections. In Section A, there are three passages followed by a total of 15 multiple-choice questions. In Section B, there is one passage followed by a total of 5 short-answer questions. Read the passages and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Section AMultiple-Choice Questions (30%)
Passage 1Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
The head of the Library of Congress is to name Donald Hall, a writer whose deceptively simple language builds on images of the New England landscape, as the nation’s 14thpoet laureate today.Mr. Hall，a poet in the distinctive American tradition of Robert Frost, has also been a harsh critic of the religious right’s influence on government arts policy. And as a member of the advisory council of the National Endowment for the Arts during the administration of George H. W. Bush, he referred to those he thought were interfering with arts grants as “bullies and art bashers”.He will succeed Ted Kooser, the Nebraskan who has been the poet laureate since 2004.The announcement of Mr. Hall’s appointment is to be made by James H. Billington, the Librarian of Congress. Mr. Billington said that he chose Mr. Hall because of “the sustained quality of his poetry, the reach and the variety of things he talks about”. Like Mr. Kooser, Mr. Billington said, “Mr. Hall evokes a sense of place. ”Mr. Hall, 77, lives in a white clapboard farmhouse in Wilmot, N. H., that has been in his family for generations. He said in a telephone interview that he didn’t see the poet laureateship as a bully pulpit. “But it’s a pulpit anyway,” he said. “If I see First Amendment violations, I will speak up.’’Mr. Hall is an extremely productive writer who has published about 18 books of poetry, 20 books of prose and 12 children’s books. He has won many awards, including a national Book Critics Circle Award in 1989 for “The One Day”，a collection.In recent years much of his poetry has been preoccupied with the death of his wife, the poet Jane Kenyon, in 1995.Robert Pinsky, who was poet laureate from 1997 to 2000 said he welcomed Mr. Hall’s appointment，especially in light of his previous outspokenness about politics and arts. “There is something nicely symbolic，and maybe surprising,” Mr. Pinsky said, “that they have selected someone who has taken a stand for freedom.”The position carries an award of $35,000 and $5,000 travel allowance. It usually lasts a year, though poets are sometimes reappointed.
31. Donald Hall ________.A. uses simple English to express the images of the New England landscapeB. dislikes the idea of impacting government by the right side of the religionC. is the 14thpoet laureate appointed by the CongressD. is a member of the advisory council of the National Endowment for the Arts32. James H. Billington ________.A. likes the poems with great depth and widthB. speaks highly of poems in simple English rather than complex onesC. prefers the poems with sustained style and expressionD. likes the poems with the knowledge of various things33. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Mr. Hall has published many books and magazines on poems.B. Mr. Hall is a critic of literature in the U. S.C. Mr. Hall has got many prizes for his talents in writing.D. Mr. Hall has got support from his predecessors.34. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Mr. Hall loves his wife very much.B. Mr. Hall takes the new appointment for granted.C. Mr. Hall has got great ideas from his wife.D. Mr. Hall may hold the position for another year.35. What is the best title for the passage?A. A Guard for Politics and ArtsB. A New Poet LaureateC. A Representative for FreedomD. The Winning of a Poet
Passage 2Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don’t always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don’t mean anything except “I’m letting off some steam. I don’t really want you to pay close attention to what I’m saying. Just pay attention to what I’m feeling.” Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, “This step has to be fixed before I’ll buy.” The owner says, “It’s been like that for years.” Actually, the step hasn’t been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I don’t want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can’t you?” The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed through examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend’s unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says “No!” to a serials of charges like “You’re dumb,” “You’re lazy,” and “You’re dishonest,” may also say “No!” and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And you’re good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, “If sure has been nice to have you over,” can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.
36. Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners, if ________.A. they use proper words to carry their ideas B. they both speak truly of their own feelings C. they try to understand each other’s ideas beyond words D. they are capable of associating meaning with their words 37. “I’m letting off some steam” in paragraph 1 means ________. A. I’m just calling your attention B. I’m just kidding C. I’m just saying the opposite D. I’m just giving off some sound 38. The house-owner’s example shows that he actually means ________.A. the step has been like that for years B. he doesn’t think it necessary to fix the step C. the condition of the step is only a minor fault D. the cost involved in the fixing should be shared 39. Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if ________.A. linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness B. seen as one’s habitual pattern of behavior C. taken as part of an ordering sequence D. expressed to a series of charges 40. The word “ritualistically” in the last paragraph equals something done ________.A. without true intention B. light-heartedly C. in a way of ceremony D. with less emphasis
Passage 3Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:
Cellular slime molds are extraordinary life forms that exhibit features of both fungi and protozoa, although often classed for convenience with fungi. At one time they were regarded as organisms of ambiguous taxonomic status, but more recent analysis of DNA sequences has shown that slime molds should be regarded as inhabiting their own separate kingdom.Their uniqueness lies in their unusual life cycle, which alternates between a feeding stage in which the organism is essentially unicellular and a reproductive stage in which the organism adopts a multicellular structure. At the first stage they are free-living, separate amoebae, usually inhabiting the forest floor and ingesting bacteria found in rotting wood, dung, or damp soil. But their food supplies are relatively easily exhausted since the cells’ movements are restricted and their food requirements rather large.When the cells become starved of nutrition, the organism initiates a new genetic program that permits the cells to eventually find a new, food-rich environment. At this point, the single-celled amoebae combine together to form what will eventually become a multicellular creature. The mechanism by which the individual members become a single entity is essentially chemical in nature. At first, a few of the amoebae start to produce periodic chemical pulses that are detected, amplified, and relayed to the surrounding members, which then move toward the pulse origin. In time, these cells form many streams of cells, which then come together to form a single hemispherical mass. This mass sticks together through the secretion of adhesion molecules.The mass now develops a tip, which elongates into a finger-like structure of about 1 or 2 millimeters in length. This structure eventually falls over to form a miniature slug, moving as a single entity orienting itself toward light. During this period the cells within the mass differentiate into two distinct kinds of cell. Some become prestalk cells, which later form into a vertical stalk, and others form prespore cells, which become the spore head.As the organism migrates, it leaves behind a track of slime rather like a garden slug. Once a favorable location has been found with a fresh source of bacteria to feed on, the migration stops and the colony metamorphoses into a fungus-like organism in a process known as “culmination.” The front cells turn into a stalk, and the back cells climb up the stalk and form a spherical-shaped head, known as the sorocarp. This final fruiting body is about 2 millimeters in height. The head develops into spores, which are dispersed into the environment and form the next generation of amoebae cells. Then the life cycle is repeated. Usually the stalk disappears once the spores have been released. The process by which the originally identical cells of the slime mold become transformed into multicellular structures composed of two different cell types—spore and stalk—is of great interest to developmental biologists since it is analogous to an important process found in higher organisms in which organs with highly specialized functions are formed from unspecialized stem cells. Early experiments showed which parts of the slime mold organism contributed to the eventual stalk and which parts to the head. Scientists stained the front part of a slug with a red dye and attached it to the back part of a different slug. The hybrid creature developed as normal. The experimenters then noted that the stalk of the fruiting body was stained red and that the spore head was unstained. Clearly, the anterior part of the organism culminated in the stalk and the posterior part in the spore head. Nowadays, experiments using DNA technology and fluorescent proteins or enzymes to label the prespore and prestalk cells have been undertaken. This more molecular approach gives more precise results than using staining dyes but has essentially backed up the results of the earlier dye studies.
41. How the slime should be classified used to be _________.A. unknownB. uncertainC. controversialD. unfamiliar42. According to the passage, what is unusual about the slime molds’ life cycle?A. They inhabit their own kingdom.B. They are organisms whose classification is ambiguous.C. They alternate between unicellular and multicellular structures.D. They are free-living organisms.43. All of the followings are mentioned in the text as being parts of the multicellular slug EXCEPT ________. A. the headB. the stalkC. legsD. spores44. Why does the author refer to the fungus-like organism as a fruiting body?A. Because it has become one entity. B. Because it is 2 millimeters in height.C. Because it now has a stalk and head.D. Because it has reached its reproductive stage. 45. According to the passage, the recent DNA studies _________. A. give similar results to the dye studiesB. contradict the dye studiesC. are less exact than the dye studiesD. have introduced confusion about the dye study results
Section BShort-Answer Questions (10%)
Passage 4Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:
Barry Schwartz did not expect to feel inspired on a clothes-shopping trip. “I avoid buying jeans; I wear one pair until it falls apart,” says Schwartz, an American psychology professor. “The last time I had bought a pair there had been just one style. But recently I was asked if I wanted this fit or that fit, or this color or that. I intended to be out shopping for five minutes but it took an hour, and I began to feel more and more dissatisfied.” This trip made him think: did more choice always mean greater satisfaction? “I’d always believed that choice was good, and more choice was better. My experience got me thinking: how many others felt like me?” The result was a widely discussed study that challenged the idea that more is always better. Drawing on the psychology of economics, which looks at how people choose what to buy, Schwartz designed a questionnaire to show the differences between what he termed ‘maximisers’ and ‘satisficers’. Broadly speaking, maximisers are keen to make the best possible choices, and often spend time researching to ensure that their purchases cannot be bettered. Satisficers are the easy-going people, delighted with items that are simply acceptable.Schwartz puts forward the view, which contrasts with what politicians and salesmen would have people believe, that the unstoppable growth in choice is in danger of ruining lives. “I’m not saying no choice is good. But the average person makes at least 200 decisions every day, and I don’t think there’s room for any more.” His study may help to explain the peculiar paradox of the wealthy West—psychologists and economists are puzzled by the fact that people have not become happier as they have become richer. In fact, the ability to demand whatever is wanted whenever it is wanted has instead led to rising expectations.The search for perfection can be found in every area of life from buying soap powder to selecting a career. Certain decisions may automatically close off other choices, and some people are then upset by the thought of what else might have been. Schwartz says, “If you make a decision and it’s disappointing, don’t worry about it, it may actually have been a good decision, just not as good as you had hoped.”One fact that governments need to think about is that people seem more inclined to buy something if there are fewer, not more, choices. If that’s true for jeans, then it is probably true for cars, schools and pension funds. “If there are few options, the world doesn’t expect you to make the perfect decision. But when there are thousands it’s hard not to think there’s a perfect one out there, and that you’ll find it if you look hard enough.” If you think that Internet shopping will help, think again：”You want to buy something and you look at three websites. How long will it take to look at one more? Two minutes? It’s only a click. Before you know it you’ve spent three hours trying to decide which £10 item to buy. It’s crazy. You’ve used another evening that you could have spent with your friends.” Schwartz, who describes himself as a natural satisficer, says that trying to stop our tendency to be maximisers will make us happier. “The most important recommendation I can give is to lower personal expectations,” he says. “But no one wants to hear this because they all believe that perfection awaits the wise decision maker. Life isn’t necessarily like that.”
46. Why may some advice be rejected? 47. What confuses experts according to the passage?48. What can be the emotional effect of the result of making a choice? 49. How was Schwartz’s research undertaken? 50. How can personality be defined in the text?
III. Writing (30%)Directions:In this part you are going to write an essay of about 400-500 words within 60 minutes on the topic as follows. Write your response on the Answer Sheet.
Topic
Some people think that cultural traditions will be destroyed if they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Others, however, believe that is the only way to save these traditions. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on the issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.考研高分咨询罗老师电话/微信：**咨询QQ：**I. Vocabulary & Grammar (30%)Directions: There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. Whenever possible, Ina ________ how well she speaks Japanese. A. shows upB. shows aroundC. shows offD. shows out2. As the director can’t come to the reception, I’m representing the company________. A. on his accountB. on his behalfC. for his partD. in his interest 3. The price of the coal will vary according to how far it has to be transported and how expensive the freight ________ are. A. paymentsB. chargesC. fundsD. prices4. The ball ________ two or three times before rolling down the slope. A. swayedB. bouncedC. hoppedD. darted 5. He has been transferred to the University of Maryland Medical Center and is waiting to ________ surgery.A. undergoB. unfoldC. underestimateD. undertake6. We hold these truths to be self-_______: that all men are created equal. A. essentialB. eternalC. evidentD. exquisite 7. The bear clawed the hunter within _______ of his life. A. closeB. reachC. a spaceD. an inch 8. The third candidate is a ________. She’s new to politics and is just beginning her campaign.A. white elephantB. dark horseC. sleeperD. big hit9. We go to the Summer Palace on foot ________. A. on purposeB. on occasionsC. on behalfD. on trial 10. It was cloudy this morning, but it ________ fine. A. turned onB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out 11. In his ________ to further knowledge of the universe, man has now begun to explore space. A. attemptB. expeditionC. trialD. chase12. The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our ________ almost two hours later. A. designationB. destinyC. destinationD. dignity 13. The nuclear family ________ a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children. A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to 14. Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that elderly Americans are ________ by social isolation and loneliness. A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended 15. The Pacific island attracts shoals of tourists with its rich ________ of folk arts.A. heritageB. heredityC. heroismD. hermitage 16. It is imperative that students ________ their term papers on time.A. handing inB. handed inC. hand inD. would hand in 17. An old woman was badly hurt in ________ the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whatever 18. ________ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace. A. If walkingB. While walkingC. WalkingD. When one is walking19. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys ________ to go to school. A. to be encouragedB. been encouragedC. being encouragedD. be encouraged20. Joan didn’t go to the party last night because she ________ the baby for her sister until 9:30. A. must have looked afterB. would have to looked after C. had to look afterD. should have looked after 21. We are going to London next month. This will be the first time I ________ there. A. have traveledB. travelC. will travelD. am traveling 22. John is ________ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam. A. no lessB. no moreC. not lessD. no so 23. Americans eat ________ as they actually need every day. A. twice as much proteinB. twice protein as much twice C. twice protein as muchD. protein as twice much 24. Who ________ was coming to see me in my office this afternoon? A. you saidB. did you sayC. did you say thatD. you did say25. She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, ________? A. hadn’t sheB. hasn’t sheC. wouldn’t sheD. didn’t she26. ________ you ________ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice.A. If; hadB. Have; hadC. Should; haveD. In case; had27. ________ we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD.As well as28. Among the first to come and live in North America ________, who later prospered mainly in New England. A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there 29. _______ there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith ________ the invitation to visit that area. A. If he knew; would have declinedB. If he had known; would decline C. Had he known; would declineD. Had he known; would have declined30. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could ________. A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning
II. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions:This part consists of two sections. In Section A, there are three passages followed by a total of 15 multiple-choice questions. In Section B, there is one passage followed by a total of 5 short-answer questions. Read the passages and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Section AMultiple-Choice Questions (30%)
Passage 1Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
The head of the Library of Congress is to name Donald Hall, a writer whose deceptively simple language builds on images of the New England landscape, as the nation’s 14thpoet laureate today.Mr. Hall，a poet in the distinctive American tradition of Robert Frost, has also been a harsh critic of the religious right’s influence on government arts policy. And as a member of the advisory council of the National Endowment for the Arts during the administration of George H. W. Bush, he referred to those he thought were interfering with arts grants as “bullies and art bashers”.He will succeed Ted Kooser, the Nebraskan who has been the poet laureate since 2004.The announcement of Mr. Hall’s appointment is to be made by James H. Billington, the Librarian of Congress. Mr. Billington said that he chose Mr. Hall because of “the sustained quality of his poetry, the reach and the variety of things he talks about”. Like Mr. Kooser, Mr. Billington said, “Mr. Hall evokes a sense of place. ”Mr. Hall, 77, lives in a white clapboard farmhouse in Wilmot, N. H., that has been in his family for generations. He said in a telephone interview that he didn’t see the poet laureateship as a bully pulpit. “But it’s a pulpit anyway,” he said. “If I see First Amendment violations, I will speak up.’’Mr. Hall is an extremely productive writer who has published about 18 books of poetry, 20 books of prose and 12 children’s books. He has won many awards, including a national Book Critics Circle Award in 1989 for “The One Day”，a collection.In recent years much of his poetry has been preoccupied with the death of his wife, the poet Jane Kenyon, in 1995.Robert Pinsky, who was poet laureate from 1997 to 2000 said he welcomed Mr. Hall’s appointment，especially in light of his previous outspokenness about politics and arts. “There is something nicely symbolic，and maybe surprising,” Mr. Pinsky said, “that they have selected someone who has taken a stand for freedom.”The position carries an award of $35,000 and $5,000 travel allowance. It usually lasts a year, though poets are sometimes reappointed.
31. Donald Hall ________.A. uses simple English to express the images of the New England landscapeB. dislikes the idea of impacting government by the right side of the religionC. is the 14thpoet laureate appointed by the CongressD. is a member of the advisory council of the National Endowment for the Arts32. James H. Billington ________.A. likes the poems with great depth and widthB. speaks highly of poems in simple English rather than complex onesC. prefers the poems with sustained style and expressionD. likes the poems with the knowledge of various things33. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Mr. Hall has published many books and magazines on poems.B. Mr. Hall is a critic of literature in the U. S.C. Mr. Hall has got many prizes for his talents in writing.D. Mr. Hall has got support from his predecessors.34. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Mr. Hall loves his wife very much.B. Mr. Hall takes the new appointment for granted.C. Mr. Hall has got great ideas from his wife.D. Mr. Hall may hold the position for another year.35. What is the best title for the passage?A. A Guard for Politics and ArtsB. A New Poet LaureateC. A Representative for FreedomD. The Winning of a Poet
Passage 2Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don’t always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don’t mean anything except “I’m letting off some steam. I don’t really want you to pay close attention to what I’m saying. Just pay attention to what I’m feeling.” Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, “This step has to be fixed before I’ll buy.” The owner says, “It’s been like that for years.” Actually, the step hasn’t been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I don’t want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can’t you?” The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed through examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend’s unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says “No!” to a serials of charges like “You’re dumb,” “You’re lazy,” and “You’re dishonest,” may also say “No!” and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And you’re good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, “If sure has been nice to have you over,” can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.
36. Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners, if ________.A. they use proper words to carry their ideas B. they both speak truly of their own feelings C. they try to understand each other’s ideas beyond words D. they are capable of associating meaning with their words 37. “I’m letting off some steam” in paragraph 1 means ________. A. I’m just calling your attention B. I’m just kidding C. I’m just saying the opposite D. I’m just giving off some sound 38. The house-owner’s example shows that he actually means ________.A. the step has been like that for years B. he doesn’t think it necessary to fix the step C. the condition of the step is only a minor fault D. the cost involved in the fixing should be shared 39. Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if ________.A. linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness B. seen as one’s habitual pattern of behavior C. taken as part of an ordering sequence D. expressed to a series of charges 40. The word “ritualistically” in the last paragraph equals something done ________.A. without true intention B. light-heartedly C. in a way of ceremony D. with less emphasis
Passage 3Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:
Cellular slime molds are extraordinary life forms that exhibit features of both fungi and protozoa, although often classed for convenience with fungi. At one time they were regarded as organisms of ambiguous taxonomic status, but more recent analysis of DNA sequences has shown that slime molds should be regarded as inhabiting their own separate kingdom.Their uniqueness lies in their unusual life cycle, which alternates between a feeding stage in which the organism is essentially unicellular and a reproductive stage in which the organism adopts a multicellular structure. At the first stage they are free-living, separate amoebae, usually inhabiting the forest floor and ingesting bacteria found in rotting wood, dung, or damp soil. But their food supplies are relatively easily exhausted since the cells’ movements are restricted and their food requirements rather large.When the cells become starved of nutrition, the organism initiates a new genetic program that permits the cells to eventually find a new, food-rich environment. At this point, the single-celled amoebae combine together to form what will eventually become a multicellular creature. The mechanism by which the individual members become a single entity is essentially chemical in nature. At first, a few of the amoebae start to produce periodic chemical pulses that are detected, amplified, and relayed to the surrounding members, which then move toward the pulse origin. In time, these cells form many streams of cells, which then come together to form a single hemispherical mass. This mass sticks together through the secretion of adhesion molecules.The mass now develops a tip, which elongates into a finger-like structure of about 1 or 2 millimeters in length. This structure eventually falls over to form a miniature slug, moving as a single entity orienting itself toward light. During this period the cells within the mass differentiate into two distinct kinds of cell. Some become prestalk cells, which later form into a vertical stalk, and others form prespore cells, which become the spore head.As the organism migrates, it leaves behind a track of slime rather like a garden slug. Once a favorable location has been found with a fresh source of bacteria to feed on, the migration stops and the colony metamorphoses into a fungus-like organism in a process known as “culmination.” The front cells turn into a stalk, and the back cells climb up the stalk and form a spherical-shaped head, known as the sorocarp. This final fruiting body is about 2 millimeters in height. The head develops into spores, which are dispersed into the environment and form the next generation of amoebae cells. Then the life cycle is repeated. Usually the stalk disappears once the spores have been released. The process by which the originally identical cells of the slime mold become transformed into multicellular structures composed of two different cell types—spore and stalk—is of great interest to developmental biologists since it is analogous to an important process found in higher organisms in which organs with highly specialized functions are formed from unspecialized stem cells. Early experiments showed which parts of the slime mold organism contributed to the eventual stalk and which parts to the head. Scientists stained the front part of a slug with a red dye and attached it to the back part of a different slug. The hybrid creature developed as normal. The experimenters then noted that the stalk of the fruiting body was stained red and that the spore head was unstained. Clearly, the anterior part of the organism culminated in the stalk and the posterior part in the spore head. Nowadays, experiments using DNA technology and fluorescent proteins or enzymes to label the prespore and prestalk cells have been undertaken. This more molecular approach gives more precise results than using staining dyes but has essentially backed up the results of the earlier dye studies.
41. How the slime should be classified used to be _________.A. unknownB. uncertainC. controversialD. unfamiliar42. According to the passage, what is unusual about the slime molds’ life cycle?A. They inhabit their own kingdom.B. They are organisms whose classification is ambiguous.C. They alternate between unicellular and multicellular structures.D. They are free-living organisms.43. All of the followings are mentioned in the text as being parts of the multicellular slug EXCEPT ________. A. the headB. the stalkC. legsD. spores44. Why does the author refer to the fungus-like organism as a fruiting body?A. Because it has become one entity. B. Because it is 2 millimeters in height.C. Because it now has a stalk and head.D. Because it has reached its reproductive stage. 45. According to the passage, the recent DNA studies _________. A. give similar results to the dye studiesB. contradict the dye studiesC. are less exact than the dye studiesD. have introduced confusion about the dye study results
Section BShort-Answer Questions (10%)
Passage 4Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:
Barry Schwartz did not expect to feel inspired on a clothes-shopping trip. “I avoid buying jeans; I wear one pair until it falls apart,” says Schwartz, an American psychology professor. “The last time I had bought a pair there had been just one style. But recently I was asked if I wanted this fit or that fit, or this color or that. I intended to be out shopping for five minutes but it took an hour, and I began to feel more and more dissatisfied.” This trip made him think: did more choice always mean greater satisfaction? “I’d always believed that choice was good, and more choice was better. My experience got me thinking: how many others felt like me?” The result was a widely discussed study that challenged the idea that more is always better. Drawing on the psychology of economics, which looks at how people choose what to buy, Schwartz designed a questionnaire to show the differences between what he termed ‘maximisers’ and ‘satisficers’. Broadly speaking, maximisers are keen to make the best possible choices, and often spend time researching to ensure that their purchases cannot be bettered. Satisficers are the easy-going people, delighted with items that are simply acceptable.Schwartz puts forward the view, which contrasts with what politicians and salesmen would have people believe, that the unstoppable growth in choice is in danger of ruining lives. “I’m not saying no choice is good. But the average person makes at least 200 decisions every day, and I don’t think there’s room for any more.” His study may help to explain the peculiar paradox of the wealthy West—psychologists and economists are puzzled by the fact that people have not become happier as they have become richer. In fact, the ability to demand whatever is wanted whenever it is wanted has instead led to rising expectations.The search for perfection can be found in every area of life from buying soap powder to selecting a career. Certain decisions may automatically close off other choices, and some people are then upset by the thought of what else might have been. Schwartz says, “If you make a decision and it’s disappointing, don’t worry about it, it may actually have been a good decision, just not as good as you had hoped.”One fact that governments need to think about is that people seem more inclined to buy something if there are fewer, not more, choices. If that’s true for jeans, then it is probably true for cars, schools and pension funds. “If there are few options, the world doesn’t expect you to make the perfect decision. But when there are thousands it’s hard not to think there’s a perfect one out there, and that you’ll find it if you look hard enough.” If you think that Internet shopping will help, think again：”You want to buy something and you look at three websites. How long will it take to look at one more? Two minutes? It’s only a click. Before you know it you’ve spent three hours trying to decide which £10 item to buy. It’s crazy. You’ve used another evening that you could have spent with your friends.” Schwartz, who describes himself as a natural satisficer, says that trying to stop our tendency to be maximisers will make us happier. “The most important recommendation I can give is to lower personal expectations,” he says. “But no one wants to hear this because they all believe that perfection awaits the wise decision maker. Life isn’t necessarily like that.”
46. Why may some advice be rejected? 47. What confuses experts according to the passage?48. What can be the emotional effect of the result of making a choice? 49. How was Schwartz’s research undertaken? 50. How can personality be defined in the text?
III. Writing (30%)Directions:In this part you are going to write an essay of about 400-500 words within 60 minutes on the topic as follows. Write your response on the Answer Sheet.
Topic
Some people think that cultural traditions will be destroyed if they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Others, however, believe that is the only way to save these traditions. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on the issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.考研高分咨询罗老师电话/微信：**咨询QQ：**