Part I Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)
Directions: In this part, you are required to read the given passage carefully, and then fill in each blank with an appropriate word given in the table. Each word is allowed to be used only once. You should not change the form of the word but you can capitalize the initial letter if the word is used at the beginning of the sentence. Write your choices in the Answer Sheet.

Passage One
what
why
how
that
as

but
although
once
though
if


Have you ever heard of a condition known as “general paresis（麻痹性痴呆）of the insane”? Probably not. In the 19th century general paresis was one of the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders. Its symptoms included odd social behaviors, impaired judgment, depressed mood and difficulty concentrating. Around the turn of the 20th century, 1 , we figured2 it really was—a form of late-stage syphilis（梅毒）infecting the brain and disrupting its function. A few decades later we discovered a highly effective treatment: penicillin.
3 general paresis is now very rare, its example is still instructive. Any honest researcher will tell you we don’t currently have good explanations for most mental disorders. Depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia(精神分裂症) —we don’t really know how these patterns of disrupted thought, behavior and emotion develop or 4 they stick around.
Yet the hope remains 5 , much like with general paresis, we may soon discover the root causes of these illnesses, and this knowledge may tell us 6 to treat them. An example of this hope can be seen in the popular notion that a “chemical imbalance” causes depression. This might turn out to be true,7 the truth is we don’t know.
Some researchers are starting to think that for many mental disorders, such hope might be based on incorrect assumptions. Instead of having one root cause,8 general paresis did, mental disorders might be caused by many mechanisms acting together. These mechanisms might be situated in the brain, but they could also be located in the body and even in the external environment, interacting with one another in a network to create the patterns of distress and dysfunction we currently recognize and label as varieties of mental illness. In this more complex view, patterns such as depression and generalized anxiety arise as tendencies in the human brain-body-environment system. 9 the patterns are established, they are hard to change because the network continues to maintain them.
10 the causal structures of many mental disorders are complex, how should we seek to illuminate them? I think recognizing the complexity should push us to rethink how mental illness is studied.

Passage Two
figures
regularly
variety
horrific
claim

inclusive
pose
aspire
contribution
insult


The last few years have seen the rise of a thought-provoking civic discourse on who we as a society should publicly honor, resulting in (among other things) the removal of statues from parks (including statues of scientists) and the renaming of schools. Though bad-faith critics11 that such actions are about “erasing history,” they’re really about a simple question: which 12 from our history and culture represent values to which we should all 13 and which do not? So far, these important discussions have largely not reached a scientific discipline whose practitioners 14 make the choice of which people to publicly honor: taxonomy（分类学）.
Taxonomists may name a newly-described species after a person for a(n) 15 of reasons, including recognizing that person’s role in discovering that species, acknowledging someone for a longstanding 16 to their field or showing respect to someone unrelated to the field but who the scientist personally likes. There are also scientists who auction off species naming rights to fund their science, and even those who name species after people to 17 them. Though some taxonomists may dispute this characterization, in many cases naming a species after someone is choosing to publicly honor that person—it is certainly widely perceived that way.
I’m no taxonomist, but as a member of my professional society’s equity and diversity committee, my colleagues and I spend a lot of time discussing changes we can make to the day to day operations of scientific research that will help make academia more 18 , welcoming, and just. To that end, I 19 the following questions: should scientists be publicly honoring people who have committed human rights violations or other 20 crimes? And what can and should be done about species already named after such monsters?

Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Section A (10 points, 1 point each)
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. You’re your choices by writing down the corresponding letter in the Answer Sheet.

For years the prevailing wisdom on how immigrants fare in the labor market has been based on the notion that assimilation is the key, even determining factor. Drawing mainly on 1970 Census data, studies concluded that while earnings of new immigrants were lower than those of comparably situated native worker, earnings of immigrants who had been here for more than a decade 1 those of native workers of the same age, education and so on. The assumption was that as immigrants 2 language and work skills, their earnings grew.
Now some economists dispute this conclusion. The positive 3 of assimilation is so small that there is little chance the 4 immigrant will ever catch up with the native workers.
The 1970 Census was the first in 30 years to ask individuals when they had arrived in the United States. When comparable data from the l980 Census became 5 , researchers could then track the progress of immigrants who arrived at different times. It was found that most recently arrived Hispanic immigrants exhibit lower earnings and higher6 rates than earlier Hispanic immigrants.
There was one major exception. More recent Mexican immigrants had 7 higher employment rates but lower earnings than the earlier group. This is because the population of recent immigrants included many illegal aliens who would accept low paying jobs.
What seems most 8 is that the immigrants who arrived prior to 1964 are fundamentally different from those who arrived later. Immigration laws were changed in 1964, and the immigrants who arrived under the earlier law were 9 entry largely because of their10 . Those who came after 1964 were admitted because they had close relatives in the country. The performance discrepancies seem to hold true across the board.
It seems like a very simple notion, but until recently, nobody was raising it. In every plain term different waves of immigrants are different.

A.
effect

I.
unemployment

B.
improved

J.
striking

C.
available

K.
skills

D.
substantially

L.
gained

E.
compared

M.
gradually

F.
exceeded

N.
promising

G.
depression

O.
average

H.
permitted







Section B (30 points, 2 points each)
Directions: There are three passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down the corresponding letter in the Answer Sheet.

Passage One
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Every British citizen who is employed or self-employed is obliged to pay a weekly contribution to the national insurance and health schemes. An employer also makes a contribution for each of his employees, and the Government too pays a certain amount. This plan was brought into being in 1948. Its aim is to prevent anyone from going without medical services, if he needs them, however poor he may be; to ensure that a person who is out of work shall receive a weekly sum of money to survive; and to provide a small pension for those who have reached the age of retirement. Everyone can register with a doctor of his choice and if he is ill he can consult the doctor without having to pay for the doctor’s services, although he has to pay a small charge for medicines. The doctor may, if necessary, send a patient to a specialist, or to a hospital; in both cases treatment will be given without any fee being payable. Those who wish may become private patients, paying for their treatment, but they must still pay their contributions to the national insurance and health schemes.
During illness the patient can draw a small amount every week, to make up for his lost wages. Everyone who needs to have his eyes seen to may go to a state-registered oculist（眼科医生）and if his sight is weak he can get spectacles from an optician at a much reduced price. For a small payment he may go to a dentist; if he needs false teeth, he can obtain dentures (假牙) for less than they would cost from a private dentist. Various other medical appliances can be obtained in much the same way.
When a man is out of work, he may draw unemployment benefituntil he finds work again; he will probably do this by going to a Job Centre (an office run by the State to help people find jobs). If he is married, the allowance he receives will be larger. Obviously the amount paid is comparatively small, for the State does not want people to stop working in order to draw a handsome sum of money for doing nothing.
When a man reaches the age of sixty-five, he may retire from work and then he has the right to draw a State pension. For women, the age of retirement is sixty.
Mothers-to-be and children receive special benefits such as free milk or certain food-stuffs for which only a minimum charge is made. The State pays to the mother a small weekly sum for each child in a family. There is also an allowance for funerals, for the State boasts that it looks after people “from the cradle to the graves”. There are special benefits for certain people, such as the blind and the handicapped.
Most people in Britain agree that there are still many improvements to be made in the national insurance and health schemes, but it is also true that theyhave become a social institution that the great majority of the population wishes to see maintained.
1.We know from the first paragraph that ________.
A)the government pays the largest part for citizens’ insurance and health
B)citizens in Britain have the right to choose a doctor for his service
C)the self-employed can receive better service for their health
D)more money is, in Britain, spent on insurance than on pension
2.According to the passage, citizens in Britain can ________ if they fall ill.
A)enjoy the free medical service from doctors they have chosen
B)ask their employers to cover a small part of the medical service
C)withdraw half the money they paid for their insurance and health
D)receive help from the Job Centre for their unemployment benefit
3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A)Pregnant women in Britain enjoy as many benefits as school children.
B)The government ensures that no citizen draw more money than he contributed.
C)Unemployment benefit is supposed to help people pull through a difficult time.
D)Dentists often overcharge citizens who are employed or self-employed.
4. In the last paragraph, the pronoun “they” refers to _______.
A) the overwhelming majority in Britain
B) national insurance and health schemes
C) people’s long-cherished wishes for better life
D) long-awaited improvements to be made
5. Which of the following can serve as the title of the passage?
A) Employment in Britain.
B) People’s living conditions in Britain.
C) Medical services in Britain.
D) Welfare in Britain.

Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.
There is a range of activities which require movements of about one to four or five miles.These might be leisure activities, such as moving from home to swimming pool, tennis club, the theatre or other cultural centre, or to a secondary or more advanced school; or they might be movement associated with work and shopping in the central areas of cities. The use of cars capable of carrying five people at 80 mph for satisfying these needs is wasteful of space and most productive of disturbance to other road users.
The use of the bicycle, or some more modern derivative of it, is probably worth more consideration than has been given to it. The bicycle itself is a remarkably efficient and simple device for using human muscular energy for transportation. In pure energy terms, it is four to five times as efficient as walking, even though human walking itself is twice as efficient as the movement of effective animals such as dogs or gulls. It is still widely used, not only in some developing countries where bicycles are major means of transport of people and goods, but in a few richer towns such as Amsterdam in Holland and Cambridge in England.
It usually gives inadequate protection from the weather, is not very suitable for carrying goods, and demands considerable muscular work to make progress against the wind or uphill. It also offers its rider no protection against collisions with other vehicles. All these difficulties could, however, be greatly eliminated, if not removed, with relatively small changes in design. The whole machine could be enclosed in a plastic bubble, which would provide some protection in case of accidents. It would be easy to add a small petrol or electric motor. A wide variety of designs would be possible. As in rowing, we might employ the power of the arms or the general body musculature（肌肉组织）, as well as those of the legs; more muscular exercise would be good for the health of many people in cities, and a wide use of bicycles like muscle-powered vehicles would be a useful way to ensure this. It could also provide ample opportunities for showing off by the young and vigorous.
6.The main idea of the first paragraph is that _________.
A)facilities in the community fail to meet people’s demand
B)the car is far from perfect for short range movement
C)people today have more choices to enrich their lives
D)people are busy moving from one place to another
7.More importance should be attached to the bicycle for transportation because it ________.
A)happens to be a very efficient and simple device
B)occupies a little space and causes no disturbance
C)is still widely used in Amsterdam and Cambridge
D)is within the financial ability of common people
8.Enclosing the bicycle in a plastic bubble would _________.
A)spare riders a lot of muscular effort
B)enable riders to cover a long distance
C)prevent it from colliding with other vehicles
D)prevent riders from being badly injured in accidents
9. According to the passage, what can be said of the bicycle?
A)It is nowadays disappearing in the big cities.
B)It cannot carry heavy loads, for it requires much energy.
C)It leaves much to be improved so as to be popularized.
D)It is chiefly used for exercise, not for transportation.
10.The author of the passage is most probably a(n)________.
A)government official
B)bicycle advertiser
C)environmentalist
D)bicycle producer

Passage Three
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive, knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society’s economic underpinnings（基础）would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.
In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are nextto zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations coloured by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals when they perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal（刑法的）system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.
11.People find it impossible to stay alive in a love-free world because ________.
A)they would spare no efforts to take advantage of others
B)families will fall apart as the result of lack of incentives
C)they would focus their attention on how to make more money
D)they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful
12.Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?
A)Enemies will outnumber friends as the result of loss of human relationships.
B)People will find learning useless because of the loss of rewards and punishment.
C)The society will be filled with lies, arguments and violence.
D)There will be no difference between earning $10 million or $10.
13.The economic foundation of society, according to the passage, depends on _______.
A)the stimulus to work
B)the desire to influence others
C)the will to boost economy
D)the ability to gain profit
14.We know from the passage that people’s learning activities are possible because they ________.
A) enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing
B) believe that emotions are basic for them to stay alive
C) benefit from providing help and support to each other
D) know what is crucial to the progress of society
15. The emotional aspects of an object are more important in that they ________.
A) prevent people from carrying out any antisocial act
B) encourage people to stay close to each other
C) help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us
D) promote the constant growth of national economy
Part III Translation (25 points)
Section A (15 points, 3 points each)
Directions:In this part you are required to translate the given sentences into Chinese and you should write your translation on the Answer Sheet.

1.Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and practices.
2.By choosing a job that is both useful to society and personally fulfilling, workers maintain a sense of purpose and enthusiasm that improves their whole lives.
3.Studying the humanities improves our ability to read and write. No matter what we do in life, we will have a huge advantage if we can read complex ideas and understand their meaning.
4.Minimalists like to say that they’re living more meaningfully, more deliberately, and that the minimalist lifestyle allows them to focus on what’s more important in life: friends, hobbies, travel, and experience.
5.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. Its mission is to stop destroying the planet’s natural environment and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.

Section B(10 points, 2 points each)
Directions:In this part you are required to translate the given sentences into English and you should write your translation on the Answer Sheet.

1.人们必须通过自己的勤奋、勇气、创意和决心迈向繁荣，而不是依赖于社会和他人的援助。
2.中国书法（calligraphy）不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。
3.数字化教学拓展了学习者的学习时间和空间，人们可以随时随地通过互联网进入数字化的虚拟学校学习。
4.丝绸之路（Silk Road）有效地促进了东西方经济文化交流和发展，对世界文化进程有深远的影响。
5.加强生态环境的保护和建设是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要目标之一。

Part IV Writing (15 points)
Directions: In this part you are required to write a composition of no less than 160 words on the basis of the following information. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet.
The education department of one province in East China has started collecting public opinions on a draft regulation to help decrease the study load for students. According to the regulation, primary and middle school students, with approval from their parents, can leave their homework unfinished after 9 and 10 p.m. respectively. What’s your opinion of easing the burden on students?