当我们现在刚刚开始认识这些地区极其丰富的生物多样性, 并发现这些新物种可能为人类社会带来好处时 —— 如新食品和新药品,这些地区却面临着永远消失的危险。由于确定物种丰富地区的能路增强,由于拖网捕捞能 到达比过去更深的区域,商业渔船可把足球场大小的拖网撒入海中,碰上什么捕捞什么,同时损坏了脆弱的珊 瑚,破坏礁石和海底山的脆弱结构,而正是这些东西为生活在深海海底的无数鱼类和其它海洋生物提供了赖以 生存的场所。

因为深海海底拖网捕捞是最近才出现的一种现象,它所造成的损害还是有限的。如能赶紧采取措施防止这些在 公海上的破坏活动,它为海洋环境和子孙后代带来的好处将是无法估量的。这些好处将远远超过渔业短期内需 承担的花费。

The first outline of The Ascent of Man was written in July 1969 and the last foot of film was shot in December 1972. An undertaking as large as this, though wonderfully exhilarating, is not entered lightly. It demands an unflagging intellectual and physical vigour, a total immersion, which I had to be sure that I could sustain with pleasure; for instance, I had to put off researches that I had already begun; and I ought to explain what moved me to do so.

There has been a deep change in the temper of science in the last 20 years: the focus of attention has shifted from the physical to the life sciences. As a result, science is drawn more and more to the study of individuality. But the interested spectator is hardly aware yet how far-reaching the effect is in changing the image of man that science moulds. As a mathematician trained in physics, I too would have been unaware, had not a series of lucky chances taken me into the life sciences in middle age. I owe a debt for the good fortune that carried me into two seminal fields of science in one lifetime; and though I do not know to whom the debt is due, I conceived The Ascent of Man in gratitude to repay it.

The invitation to me from the British Broadcasting Corporation was to present the development of science in a series of television programmes to match those of Lord Clark on Civilisation. Television is an admirable medium for exposition in several ways: powerful and immediate to the eye, able to take the spectator bodily into the places and processes that are described, and conversational enough to make him conscious that what he witnesses are not events but the actions of people. The last of these merits is to my mind the most cogent, and it weighed most with me in agreeing to cast a personal biography of ideas in the form of television essays. The point is that knowledge in general and science in particular does not consist of abstract but of man-made ideas, all the way from its beginnings to its modern and idiosyncratic models. Therefore the underlying concepts that unlock nature must be shown to arise early and in the simplest cultures of man from his basic and specific faculties. And the development of science which joins them in more and more complex conjunctions must be seen to be equally human: discoveries are made by men, not merely by minds, so that they are alive and charged with individuality. If television is not used to make these thoughts concrete, it is wasted.

《人类的进程》写作渊源

《人类的进程》一书的提纲初稿是 1969年 7月完成的, 影片的最后一部分是在 1972年 12月拍摄的。像这样 大的一个项目,虽然异常精彩,令人激动,却并不是轻易上马的。它要求我保持旺盛的脑力和体力,专心致志 地投入工作。我必须确保持之以恒,并从中得到乐趣;比方说,我不得不停下已经开始的研究工作;我还应当 说明一下,究竟是什么促使我承担这项工作的。

二十年来,科学的发展趋势发生了深刻的变化:关注的焦点已经从自然科学转移到生命科学。结果,便把科学 越来越吸引到个体特征的研究上来。 然而感兴趣的旁观者几乎没有意识到此事对于改变科学塑造的人的形象产

生了多么深远的影响。我是一个研究数学的人,以前学过物理学,若不是中年有幸有几次机会涉足生命科学, 我也不会有所认识。我应当感谢我交的好运,是它使我在一生中参与了两个启发性的科学领域。尽管我并不知 道应该向谁表示感谢,我编写了《人类的进程》一书,以表示我的感激之情。英国广播公司邀请我做的是通过 一套电视节目来表现科学的发展过程,以与克拉克勋爵制作的关于文明的电视节目相匹配。通过电视来进行解 说有几大好处:它有力、直观,能使观众身临其境或亲身参与所描述的过程;它的语言亲切,能使观众觉得他 所看到的是人们的行动而不是事件。这些优点之中,我认为最后一点最为突出,它是一股最大的动力促使我同 意以电视散文的方式从个人的角度来讲述各种思想的发展史。重要的是知识总体,尤其是科学知识不是由抽象 的思想构成的,而是由人的思想构成的,自有知识开始直到现代千奇百怪的模式莫不是如此。所以介绍打开自 然界之门的基本思想,必须表现出它们很早就已产生,而且是产生在人类最淳朴的文化之中,产生于人类基本 的、具体的感官之中。同时还必须表现出使种种思想形成越来越复杂的结合体的科学的发展也同样是人类的贡 献:种种发现都是人的产物,而不仅仅是头脑的产物,因此它们都是有生气的,而且具有个人的特色。如果电 视未能把这些思想表现得很具体,那岂不是浪费!

学术与技术英语

Part Ⅰ Define the following terms(名词解释 10分)

1. Abstract(摘要) : A restatement of the main findings and conclusions of a document.

Indicative abstract: An indicative abstract merely describes what the report is about.

Informative abstract: It gives some specific information about the problem, method, result, or conclusions. Abstract 与 summary 的不同◇ Standing alone◇ The very first part

Category (分类) : descriptive/indicative abstract; information/informative abstract; information-indicative abstract functions :miniaturizing the text; deciding “Yes” or “No”; Expanding the circulation

Content (主要内容) : statement of the problem; statement of the approach; the principal result; the significance 3part structure:Topic sentence; supporting sentence; concluding sentence

写作要求:Integrity; Conciseness; Consistency; Concentration

5 steps:Underlining key words and sentences; Listing essential points of the paper; Boiling down each section to a sentence or two; Drafting the abstract ; Checking the final draft

6 5A strategy: background; main topic; specific investigation; result and suggestion; conclusion and contribution

2. Summary is a restatement of the major findings and conclusions of a document, placed after the text

3. Finding is something that is found by analysis and experiment.

4. Results are usually presented together with the corresponding analysis concerned, and in this section the author present the essential result and date and then generalize them to a theoretical height.

Quantitative results (定量分析) are reported by tables/graphs/figures coupled with a verbal, and provide the readers with parallel information, numeric and narrative

Qualitative results(定性分析) are primarily presented in a narrative form but occasionally supplemented by a figure or a table

5. Conclusion: A summary of the author(s)’s viewpoints based on the investigation, experiments, inferences, discussions and so on.

Contents: Summing up; statements of conclusions; statements of recommendations; graceful termination

6. Acknowledgement(致谢) is mainly used to express the author’s appreciation and extend the author’s indebtedness to the helpful support or concern from their colleagues(or institutions) in offering any useful material, specimen, technical know-how, suggestions, any other enlightenment, etc. to the author.

Contents: gratitude to personal or institutional assistance; gratitude to financial support from different sources 7. References参考书目

References would normally include only those works that are actually referred to in the main text.

two system of the references: name and year system; citation order system

8. Bibliography参考文献

Bibliography generally contains works relevant to the subject matter of the assignment which the author has read, but not necessarily and specifically referred to in the text.

9. Plagiarism 剽窃

The unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the presentation of them as one’s own original work; something used and represented in this manner

Handle citation: direct quotation; paraphrasing; summarizing

10. Technical writing

A written document that deals with engineering and scientific topics in industry and business

11. Traditional resume

Traditional resume is a document that summarizes your personal date, career objective, educational and work history for a position in your field.

12. Meeting an assembly of people for talking and discussing on a topic

Conference a formal meeting organized on a particular subject, often lasting for a few days

Symposium the meeting for specialized academic discussion, usually narrow and specific in the range of topics Congress a gathering to discuss issues, ideas, and policies of public interest

Convention a routine meeting or a large gathering to discuss the business of their organization or political group Forum a public meeting to exchange ideas and discuss issues, especially important public issues

Seminar 研讨会 a class-like meeting, to discuss a particular topic or subject presented by several major speakers 13.Title (文章题目)

Writing requirements: Be brief and concise; be specific; avoid question titles; be unified; be standard

functions: Generalizing the text; attracting the reader; facilitating the retrieval

14. Keywords(关键词)

Functions: easiness of retrieval; easiness of highlighting

numbers: four to six keywords are the average. In general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8.

Linguistic features: Nominalization; Limited number; Designated choice

15. Introduction(概述)

functions: introducing the subject; limiting the research scope; stating the general purpose; showing the writing arrangement

process: Starting with the research background;Transiting to the existing problem; Focusing on the present research; 16 The structure of a thesis

例题:

1 what's the "PLAGIARISM" exactly mean?

Plagiarism is a kind of stealing. It is using someone else’s words and/or ideas and put them into your writing as though they are yours.

2 What's the meaning of "abstract" and "summary"?

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. An abstracts is read before a reader studies the text. Abstracts are designed to stand alone.

A summaryis a restatement of the major findings and conclusions of a document placed after the text of the body and intend to help readers comprehend and review the text.

3 two kinds of abstracts

Indicative abstracts list the sections of an article;

Informative abstractsbriefly explain the article’s main point and the main support for that point.

4 what's the meaning of "findings" and "results” in research paper?

Findings refer to all the findings from the study. Some findings may not directly address the research questions. Results focus on the findings that answer the research questions.

5 two major references system

Name and year system, also called Harvard System, is regarded as simple and straightforward, and is alphabetically arranged and headed by the author’s name, the year of publication, the title of the publication, the publisher, and the page number and so on.

Citation order system, references are organized by order of citation.

6 reference and bibliography

A list entitled references would normally include only those works that are actually referred to in the main text. A list entitled bibliography generally contains works relevant to the subject matter of the assignment which the author has read, but not necessarily and specifically referred to in the text.

7 recommendation and feasibility reports

Recommendation reports choose between two clear alternatives. Feasibility reports investigate one option and decide yes or no. Recommendation reports tend to be shorter.

其他类(不考分类,只考名词解释 2013)

1. Classification of Professional papers

Report papers, research paper, course paper, thesis paper

2. Ways of preparing Professional papers

Searching for good ideas, finding topics, considering audience and purpose, moving from brainstorming to drafting, editing and refining

3. General Functions of Abstract

Generalizing the text, attracting the reader, facilitating the retrieval

4. Abstract 的写作要求

Be brief and concise, be specific, avoid question titles, be unified, be standard

5. Keywords有几个

Generally 2-8 words, but 4-6 preferred

6. Length of Abstract

Normally 200 words, but never more than 500 words, 50-100 words for short article. Approximately 3-5% of the length of the paper.

7. Categories of abstract

Descriptive, informational and informational indicative

8. Informational abstract应一般包含的内容

A statement of the problem; A statement of the approach to solving the problem; The principle result; the significance

9. Abstract sentence structure

A1: background; A2: main topic; A3: specific investigation; A4: result and investigation; A5: conclusion and contribution

10. Writing Requirements for Abstract

Integrity; conciseness; consistency; concentration

11. Abstract写作的 5步 (5 steps)

1) Underlining keywords and sentences;2) Listing essential points of the paper

3) Boiling down each section to a sentence or two4) Drafting the abstract

5) Checking the final draft

12. General function of introduction

1) Introducing the subject; 2) Limiting the research scope

3) Starting the general purpose; 4) Showing the writing arrangement

13. Structural function of introduction

1) Starting the research background;2) Transiting to the existing problem

3) Focusing on the present research

14. Discussion includes factors

1) Analyzing the data; 2) Pointing the doubts; 3) Expounding viewpoints; 4) Stating the significance; 5) Arriving at a conclusion

15. General Functions and Main Elements of Conclusion

1) Summing up; 2) statements of conclusion; 3) Statement of recommendations; 4) Graceful termination

16.A full research report includes

Title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, result and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgment, reference, etc.

17. Classification of professional journals

Journal, Acta, Bulletin, Circular or Gazette, Rapid communications/letters, Review, Proceedings

18. Category of meetings

Meetings, conference, Symposium, Congress, Convention, Forum, Seminar

19. Letters category for conference

1) Letters for inquiry; 2) Letters for invitation; 3) Letters for acceptance of invitation; 4) Letters for declination of invitation; 5) Financial application; 6) Cover letters; 7) Post-conference correspondence; 8) Letters of thanks 20. 信由哪几部分组成

The heading, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature.

Part 2 Revise the following sentences(句子改写 10分)

句子改写,阅读 p41-43, P47-50, P55-56

[1a] Management guarantees that the old system will be replaced and to consider the new proposal.

[1b] Management guarantees that the old system will be replaced and that the new proposal will be considered. [2a] Use the cylinder with a diameter of 33/16 inches and 11/2 inches high.

[2b] Use the cylinder with a diameter of 33/16 inches and a height of 11/2 inches.

[3a] A successful firm is capable of manufacturing a product, marketing it, and make a profit.

[3b] A successful firm is capable of manufacturing a product, marketing it, and making a profit.

[1] The memo was sent by the manager. (被动 passive voice)

[2] The manager sent the memo.(主动 active voice)

[1] Any loose bubbles can be detected in this way.(被动 passive voice)

[2] You can detect any loose bubbles in this way.(主动 active voice)

[3] The worker can detect any loose bubbles in this way.

[1] The heated water is sent into the chamber.(被动 passive voice)

[2] The heated water flows into the chamber.

[1a] The robot is used in repetitive activities.

[1b] Companies use robots in repetitive activities.

[2a] The ink is forced through the stencil by a squeegee.

[2b] A squeegee forces the ink through the stencil.

1. Having carried through the formulism of Lagrange multipliers for 27 variables with 18 equations of constraints, we obtain

2. They proposed

3. After boiled, water readily gives off water vapor.

4. We clearly observes the enhancement, and numerically analyzed the angular-distribution moments of the constant that the enhancement is constant.

5.

6. The water is cooled be used in the condenser.

7. The material to be used is a good conductor.

8. Rubber supplies were required by industry came from far away.

9. The research

10. The plane

11. The screw revolved once, raising the load by 30mm.

12. The contractors are responsible for the damage, installed the machinery.

13. Given a chance, the hegemonies would stage a comeback.

14. my strong desire is to join in your work,

15. He responded

P50

1. In this formula, we have neglectedfriction losses

2. We began the experiment, .

3. . M is geared to N.

4. The goods will be trucked.

5. no faith, we can do nothing.

6. Electromagnetic waves, though

waves.

7. Three colors -----red, green, and blue----will, if mixed together , give us white light.

8. When

9. Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and its power cused. 10. One side of the moving road will travel in one direction, the other side in the opposite direction.

11. Velocity carried the idea of direction, but speed does not direction.

12. They were fastened .

Part 3 Analyze the introduction/abstract(10分)

分析文章的句子结构,可能是一篇摘要的 5A 策略

A1: background science; A2: main topic sentence; A3: specific investigation sentence; A4: result and investigation sentence; A5: conclusion and contribution sentence