MBA专业术语汇总(Q~S)
网络资源 免费考研网/2009-01-16
Q
Quantity demanded 需求量
The amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase
Quantity equation 货币数量方程式
The equation MxV=PxY, which relates the quantity of money, the velocity of money and the dollar value of the economys output of goods and services
Quantity supplied 供给量
The amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell
Quantity theory of money 货币数量论
A theory that asserts that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate; The theory that velocity is constant, so that changes in the money supply lead to proportionale changes in nominal income (which also equals the value of output)
quota rents 配额租金
profits that accrue to firms which are allocated the rights to import a good subject to quotas that result from the artificially created scarcity
quotas 配额
limits on the amount of foreign goods that can be imported
R
Rational expectations 理性预期
The theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the future
Real GDP 实际GDP
The production of goods and services valued at constant prices
Real exchange rate 实际汇率
The rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another
Real interest rate 实际利率
The interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation
Real variables 实际变量
Variables measured in physical units
Recession 衰退
A period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment
Regressive tax 累退税
A tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Reserve ratio 准备金率
The fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves
Reserve requirements 法定准备金
Regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits
Reserves 准备金
Deposits that banks have received but have not lent out
Rivalness 竞争性
The property of a good that one persons use diminishes other peoples use
random walk 随机行走
a term used to describe the way prices of stock move, where the next movement cannot be predicted on the basis of previous movements
rationing systems 配给制
ways of distributing goods that do not rely on prices, such as queues, lotteries, and coupons
real balance effect 实际余额效应
as prices fall, the real value of peoples money holdings increases, and they consume more
real business-cycle theorists 实际经济周期理论家
a school of economists who contend that the economys fluctuations have nothing to do with monetary policy but are determined by real forces
real income 实际收入
income measured by what it can actually buy, rather than by the amount of money
real product wage 实际产品工资
the wage divided by the price of the good being produced
regulatory capture 管制俘虏
a term used to describe a situation in which regulators serve the interests of the regulated rather than the interests of consumers
relative performance compensation 相对表现补偿
pay (compensation) based on performance on the job relative to others who have similar responsibilities and authority
rent seeking 寻租
the name given to behavior that seeks to obtain benefits from favorable government decisions, such as protection from foreign competition
revenue curve 收益曲线
the relationship between a firms total output and its revenue
revenues 收益
the amount a firm receives for selling its products, equal to the price received multiplied by the quantity sold
right-to-work laws 工作权利法
laws that prevent union membership from being a condition of employment
risk averse / loving / neutral 厌恶风险/喜爱风险/中性风险
given equal expected returns and different risks risk averse people will choose assets with lower risk, risk loving people will choose assets with higher risk, and risk-neutral individuals will not care about differences in risk
risk premium 风险收益
the additional interest required by lenders as compensation for the risk that a borrower may default; more generally, the extra return required to compensate an investor
S
Sacrifice ratio 牺牲率
The number of percentage points of annual output that is lost in the process of reducing inflation by one percentage point
Scarcity 希缺性
The limited nature of societys resources
Shoeleather costs 皮鞋成本
The resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings
Stagflation 滞胀
A period of falling output and rising prices
Stock 股票
A claim to partial ownership in a firm
Store of value 价值储藏
An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future
Strike 罢工
The organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union
Substitutes 替代品
Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good
Substitution effect 替代效应
The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution
Supply curve 供给曲线
A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
Supply schedule 供给表
A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
screening 筛选
the process of differentiating among job candidates, when there is incomplete information, to determine who will be the most productive
shadow price 影子价格
the true social value of a resource
signaling 信号
conveying information, for example by earning a college-degree, to persuade an employer that a prospective worker has desirable characteristics that will enhance his productivity
slope 斜率
the amount by which the value along the vertical axis increases as a result of a change in a unit along the horizontal axis; the slope is calculated by dividing the change in the vertical axis (the "rise") by the change in the horizontal axis (the "run")
Smiths "invisible hand" 斯密“看不见的手”
the idea that if people act in their own self-interest, they will often also be acting in a broader social interest, as if they had been directed by an "invisible hand"
smoothing consumption 均匀消费
consuming similar amounts in the present and future, rather than letting year-to-year income dictate consumption
social marginal cost 社会边际成本
the marginal cost of production, including the costs of any negative externality, such as air pollution, borne by individuals in the economy other than the producer
socialism 社会主义
an economic system in which the means of production are controlled by the state
soft budget constraints 软预算约束
budget constraints facing a firm in which the government subsidizes any losses
static expectations 静态预期
the belief of individuals that todays prices and wages are likely to continue into the future
sticky prices 粘性价格
prices that do not adjust or only adjust slowly toward a new equilibrium
sticky wages 粘性工资
wages that are slow to adjust in response to a change in labor market conditions
stock statistics 存量统计
measurements of the quantity of a certain item at a certain point in time, such as capital stock, the total value of buildings and machines
sunk cost 沉没成本
a cost that has been incurred and cannot be recovered
supply-constrained equilibrium 供给约束的均衡
the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level below that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply; in a supply-constrained equilibrium, output is equal to aggregate supply but less than aggregate demand
surplus labor 剩余劳动
a great deal of unemployed or under employed labor, readily available to potential employers