MBA入学英语阅读100篇精粹-参考译文及答案与详解(1-1)
网络资源 免费考研网/2009-01-16
We have all heard of counterfeiting before. Usually it refers to people making money printing it instead of earning it. But counterfeiting also can involve all sorts of consumer goods and manufactured products. From well-known brand names such as Calvin Klein jeans to auto
parts, counterfeiters have found ways to produce goods that look authentic. In some instances, counterfeit products look better than the original !
The demand of brand-name products has helped, counterfeiting grow into a very profitable business throughout the world and into a serious problem for legitimate manufacturers and consumers alike. Faulty counterfeit parts have caused more than twenty-four plane crashes. Most counterfeit auto parts do not meet federal safety standards.
Counterfeiting hurts manufacturers in many ways. Analysts estimate that, in the United States alone,annual revenue loss runs from $ 6 billion to $ 8 billion. Perhaps even worse, consumers blame the inno-cent manufacturer when they un.knowingly buy a counterfeit product and find it
doesnt perform as expec-ted. Sometimes entire economies can suffer. For instance, when farmers in Kenya and Zaire used coun-terfeit fertilizers, both countries lost most of their crops.
In 1984 the U.S. government enacted the Trademark Counterfeiting Act and made counterfeiting of products a criminal offense punishable by fines and jail terms. Unfortunately counterfeiting does not re-ceive priority from law enforcement officers and prosecutors. Legitimate firms therefore have the burden offinding their own raids and to fight the problem. IBM, with a court order, conducted its own raids and found keyboards, displays, and boxes with its logo. The fake parts were used to create counterfeits of IBMs personal computer "XT".
Some companies have developed secret product codes to identify the genuine article. They must change the codes periodically because counterfeiters learn the codes and duplicate them. Perhaps the most effective way for manufacturers to fight counterfeiting is to monitor the distribution network and make sure counterfeit products are not getting into the network. Some companies even hire investigators to track counterfeit products.
By copying other firms products, counterfeiters avoid research and development costs and most mar- keting costs. High-tech products such as computers and their software products are especially vulnerable.
As long as counterfeiting is profitable, an abundance of products are available to copy, and the laws are difficult to enforce, counterfeiters can be expected to prosper for a long time.
1. It is almost impossible to eliminate counterfeiting for all the following reasons EXCEPT
[ A ] consumers demand brand-name products
[ B ] a variety of products are easy to copy
[ C ] legitimate firms can also benefit from counterfeiting sometimes
[ D] laws against counterfeiting are difficult to enforce
2. The most important reason why counterfeiting is excessively profitable is that counterfeiters
[ A ] do not have to pay high taxes as the producers of authentic products
[ B ] can omit high costs in developing and promoting the products
[ C ] often use inferior materials to save manufacturing costs
[ D] succeed in making their products looking even better than the original
3. It can be inferred from the passage that hand-made products are
[ A ] easier to forge than high-tech products
[ B ] more difficult to forge than high-tech products
[ C ] less profitable to forge than high-tech products
[ D ] more profitable to forge than high-tech products
4. All the following are mentioned as effective ways for the manufacturers to fight counterfeiting EXCEPT
[ A] periodical change of the secret product codes
[ B ] efforts made to find out fake products in the market
[ C ] more severe punishment of the counterfeiters
[ D ] monitoring of the distribution network of the legitimate products
参考译文与参考答案与详解
[参考译文及重点词汇再现]
我们以前都听说过制假(counterfeiting)这个词,它通常指人们制造假币(makingmoney)——印刷钱币而不是赚钱(earning)。但是,制假也可能涉及所有类型的消费品(consumergoods)和制造品(manufacturedproduct)。从知名品牌(well-knownbrand),比如加尔文·克雷恩牛仔裤,到汽车零部件(pan),制假者(ounterfeiter)已经找到许多种制假方法,其产品看起来就像真的(authentic)一样。有时,假冒产品(counterfeitproduct)甚至比正宗产品(theoriginal)看起来还好。
对名牌产品(brand-nameproduct)的需求(demand)使得造假发展成为世界范围内一种利润丰厚(profitable)的商业活动(business),而对于合法厂商(1egitimate manufacturer)及消费者(consumer)来说,则成了一个非常严重的问题。质量低劣的伪造零部件(Faulty counterfeitpans)已导致超过二十四架飞机坠毁。绝大多数伪造的汽车零部件都没有达到(meet)联邦政府的安全标准(safety standard)。
制假在很多方面侵害(hurt)了合法厂商的利益。分析员(analyst)估计,仅在美国,每年的收入就减少六十至八十亿美元。也许更为严重的是,消费者无意中购买了假冒伪劣产品,发现这些产品并不如期望的那样时,他们会谴责(blame)无辜的(innocent)制造商。有时,整个经济都会受损。比如,肯尼亚和扎伊尔的农民使用假冒化B巴(fertilizer)时,两国的农作物都会遭受巨大的损失。
一九八四年,美国政府颁布了《反商标伪造法》,将制造假冒伪劣产品的行为视为犯罪行为(crimillaloffense),处以罚款(fine;)或监禁(jail term)。不幸的是,造假行为并没有受到执法官员
(1awenforcementofficer)和检察官(prosecutor)的重视(priority)。因此,合法公司(1egitimatefirm)自
己承担起了寻找制假行为并解决这类问题的重任(burden)。IBM在获得法院的指令后,自己采取行动,发现了假冒的键盘、显示器和印有其标识(10go)的盒子。这些伪造(fake)部件都是用来仿制IBM的“XT"个人电脑的。
有些公司开发了产品防伪密码(secretproductcode)来识别(identify)产品的真假。这些公司必须定期更改密码,以防制假者破解、复制(duplicate)密码。也许,对于制造厂商来说,打击(flght)制假行为最有效的办法就是监控(monitor)整个销售网(network),以确保假冒伪劣产品进不了销售网。有些公司甚至雇佣侦探(investigator)跟踪假冒伪劣产品。
通过仿制(。opy)其它公司的产品,制假者节省(avoid)了研究和开发产品的成本(research and development cost)以及大部分的上市成本(marketingcost)。像计算机及其软件产品这类高科技产品(high-techproduct)特别容易遭受侵袭(vulnerable)。只要制假有利可图(profitable),只要有很多产品可以复制,只要法律难以对制假采取行动(enforce),制假者就有望继续猖獗(prosper)很长时间。
(以上由曹其军老师供稿)
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