MBA入学英语阅读100篇精粹-参考译文及答案与详解(8-1)
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Passage eight
It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of
work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people
who operate the new machines and on the society into which
the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been
suggested that the employment of women in industry took
them out of the house- hold, their traditional sphere, and
fundamentally altered their position in society. In the
nineteenth cen-tury, when women began to enter factories,
Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing
so,women would give up their femininity. Fredrich Engels,
however, predicted that women would be liber-ated from
the "social, legal, and economic subordination of the
family by technological developments that made possible the
recruitment of the whole female sex into public industry."
Observers thus differed con-cerning the social desirability
of mechanization~ effects, but they agreed that it would
transform womens lives.
Historians, particularly those investigating the
history of women, now seriously question this assump-tion
of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic
technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing
machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not
resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women~
economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women~
work. The employ-ment of young women in textile mills
during the industrial revolution was largely an extension
of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as
domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but
rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen
as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from
dministrative work that in the 1880~ created a new class
of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth con-sidered "women~ work".
The increase in the numbers of married women employed
outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do
with the mechanization of housework and an increase in
leisure time for these women than it did with their own
economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrunk
the available pool of single women workers, previously, in
many cases, the only women employers would hire.
Womens work has changed considerably in the past 200
years, moving from the household to the of-rice or the
factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of
blue-collar work. Fundamentally,however, the conditions
under which women work have changed little since before the
Industrial Revolu-tion: the segregation of occupations by
gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require
rela-tively low levels of skill and offer women little
opportunity for advancement all persist, while womens
household labor remains demanding. Recent historical
investigation has led to a major revision of the no-tion
that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its
effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any
change in the traditional position of women both in the
labor market and in the home.
1. Which of the following statements best summarizes the
main idea of the passage?
[A] The effects of the mechanization of womens work
have not bore out the frequently held assump-tion that new
technology is inherently revolutionary.
[ B ] Recent studies have shown that mechanization
revolutionizes a societys traditional values and the
customary roles of its members.
[C] Mechanization has caused the nature of womens Work
to change since the Industrial Revolution.
[ D] The mechanization of womenswork, while extremely
revolutionary in its effects, has not on the whole the
deleterious effects that some critics have feared.
2. "shrunk the available pool of single women workers,…"(
Para 2) most probably refers to____.
[ A ] reduced the swimming pool of single women workers
available
[ B ] reduced the number of single women workers
available
[ C ] reduced the salary of single women workers
available
[ D ] reduced the age of single women workers available
3. According to the passage, which of the following was
TRUE of many employers before the twentieth century?
[ A ] They did not employ women in factories.
[ B] They tended to employ single rather than married
women.
[ C ] They employed women in only those jobs that were
related to women~ traditional household work.
[ D] They resisted technological innovation that would
radically change women~ roles in the family.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the
Industrial Revolution, the majority of womens work was
done in
[ A ] textile mills [ B ] private
households
[ C ] offices [ D ] factories
[参考译文及重点词汇再现]
人们常常这样设想:工作的机械化(mechanization)不仅会对操作新机器的人们的生活产生革命性的影响(effect),而且会对引用机器的社会产生革命性的影响。比如,人们认为,工业部门雇佣(employment)女性会把女性从家务劳动(她们的传统范畴(traditionalsphere))中解放出来,进而从根本上改变(ahere)女性在社会上的地位。十九世纪,当女性开始进工厂工作时,法国政治家朱尔斯·西蒙就警告说:女性会因为工作而摒弃(give叩)她们的女性气质(femininity)。不过,弗雷德里奇·恩格斯预言,“技术的发展(technological development)会使雇佣所有女性进入社会工业(publicindustry)领域成为可能,这些发展将会把女性从社会的、合法的(1egal)以及家庭中的经济从属地位(subordination)中解放(1iberate)出来。”所以,对于机械化效应(effect)的社会期望(desira·bility),观察家的意见不一致,但他们一致认为:机械化会改变女性的生活。
如今,历史学家(historian),特别是那些研究(investigate)女性史的历史学家,对这种改变力的设想(assumption)提出了严肃的质疑(question)。他们总结说,引人注目的(dramatic)技术革命,比如詹妮纺纱机、缝纫机、打字机以及真空吸尘器等,并没有给女性的经济地位带来相应的引人注目的社会变化,或是给女性工作的流行评估带来引人注目的社会变化。工业革命时期,纺织厂(mill)雇佣年轻女性,这在很大程度上是雇佣年轻的单身女性当佣人的一种更古老模式(pattern)的延伸(extension)。这不是办公技术的改变,而是文秘(secretarial)工作的分离(separation)——以前被认为是刚上任经理的实习(apprenticeship)工作,是从行政(administrative)工作中的分离,这种行政工作在十九世纪八十年代创造了一种新的“无前途”工作,此后,这样的工作被认为是“女性的工作”。二十世纪,受雇在外工作的已婚女性人数增加,这跟家务劳动机械化、女性的休闲(1eisure)时间增多没有关系,却跟女性的经济需要(necessity)和高结婚率有关,高结婚率减少了单身女性工人的可用人数;以前,在许多情况下,单身女性只是女性雇主愿意雇佣的对象。
过去两百年,女性的工作发生了很大的变化,她们走出家庭,到办公室或工厂工作,后来,她们大多成了白领(white-collar)而不是蓝领(blue-collar)阶层。然而,从根本上来说,自工业革命前以来,女性的工作条件几乎没有什么改变--工作中存在性别(gender)歧视(segregation),总体工资较低、工作的技能要求较低、几乎没有升迁(advancement)的机会(opportunity)等等,但仍需要女性从事家务劳动。最近对女性史的调主要更正(revision)--从技术对社会的影响来说,它本质上总是革命性的。机械化甚至可能减缓了女性在劳务市场和家庭中传统地位的任何变化。
(以上由曹其军老师供稿)
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