45.

　　Not everything that affects the body during space flight is related solely to weightlessness. Also affected, for example, are the immune system and the multiple systems responsible for the amount and quality of sleep(light levels and work schedules disrupt the body’s normal rhythms). Looking out the spacecraft window just before going to sleep(an action difficult to resist, considering the view) can let enough bright light into the eye to trigger just the wrong brain response, leading to poor sleep. As time goes on, the sleep debt accumulates。

　　For long space voyages, travelers must also face being confined in a tight volume, unable to escape, isolated from the normal life of Earth, living with a small, fixed group of companions who often come from different cultures. These challenges can lead to anxiety, depression, crew tension and other social issues, which affect astronauts just as much as weightlessness—perhaps even more. Because these factors operate at the same time the body is adapting to other environmental changes, it may not be clear which physiological changes result from which factors. Much work rem ains to be done。

　　PartⅢ Translation

　　Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET。(15points)

　　The system of higher education in the United States is complex. It comprises four categories of institutions: the university, which may contain: A. several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor’s (four-year) degree and B. one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master or a doctoral degree; the four-year undergraduate institution—the college—most of which are not part of a university； the technical training institution， at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to computer programming; and the two-year，or community college， from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges or universities。

　　Any of these institutions， in any category， might be either public or private， depending on the source of its funding. There is no clear or inevitable distinction in terms of quality of education offered between the institutions which are publicly or privately funded；however， this is not to say that all institutions enjoy equal prestige nor that there are no material differences among them。

　　PartⅣ Writing

　　Section A

　　Directions：假如你是湖北师范大学的校长王宏，你要给你校教师黄易写一封推荐信，具体内容如下：黄易自1995-1999年在你校英语系学习，在校学习期间成绩优秀并积极参加社会活动，爱好文学和艺术。毕业后留校任教至今，深得学生好评。(10points)

　　Section B

　　Directions: You are asked to write a composition according to the outline givenbelow. Your composition should be not less than 120 words. You should write it clearly. (15points)