莎士比亚喜剧的共同特点\n①人文主义，他在剧中刻画了刚刚摆脱封建束缚的年轻人，他歌颂他们的青春，他们的爱情和幸福。这些英雄是文艺复兴时期的儿女。他们不信上帝或国王，只信自己。\n【莎土比亚四大喜剧中的《仲夏夜之楚》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》和《皆大欢喜》世称莎士比亚的“四大喜剧”。\n四大喜剧代表了莎土比亚喜剧艺术的最高成就。其基本主题是歌颂爱情和友谊。\n《仲夏夜之梦》是威廉·莎士比亚青春时代最后一部也是最为成熟的喜剧作品，同时也是莎士比亚最著名的喜剧之一。整部戏剧情调轻松，它所包含的，是纯净的快乐，仿佛是一部戏剧的狂欢，中间也掠过一丝爱情所固有的烦恼，但亦是加以欢乐化、喜剧化的。\n在《威尼斯商人》中，作者通过安东尼奥的形象，赞美了友谊和仁爱精神，又通过巴萨尼奥和鲍西娅的爱情故事，说明真正爱情的纯洁与朴实。\n《皆大欢喜》、《第十二夜》中那些追求爱情自由的年轻人历经磨难，终成眷属。作者无情地批判了封建门阀观念、家长专制批判了中世纪以来的禁欲主义和蒙昧主义，并在对爱情自由和个性解放的赞美中，表现了人文主义的生活理想。】\n1) Humanism:\nIn plays he portrayed the young peoplewho had just freed from the feudal fetter. He sang of their youth, their love and of happiness. The heroes and heroines were sons and daughters of Renaissance. They trust not in God or King but in themselves.\n\n②.错误身份；\n莎士比亚喜剧的情节常常被错误的身份所驱使【含有错误的身份的元素，推动整个情节的发展。】。女性角色伪装成男性角色并不少见。如威尼斯商人、第十二夜\n《第十二夜》Twelfth Night(或《各遂所愿》)是莎士比亚著名喜剧之一,约作于1600年，全剧五幕十八场.主要情节是：伊利里亚公爵奥西诺向奥丽维亚小姐求爱，屡遭拒绝.这时，一对孪生兄妹航海到伊利里亚，在附近海上遇难.妹妹薇奥拉改扮男装，投身奥西诺公爵家中为侍童，并充当了代他向奥丽维亚小姐求爱的使者.奥丽维娅对女扮男装的薇奥拉一见钟情,而薇奥拉却偷偷爱上了公爵.后来，奥丽维亚碰巧遇上薇奥拉的孪生兄长西巴斯辛，两人以误就误地结成夫妇.公爵也和薇奥拉终成眷属.全剧以兄妹相聚，情人结合而告终.\n\n2. Mistaken identities:\nThe plot of a Shakespearean comedy is often driven by mistaken identity. Sometimes this is an intentional part of a villain\u0027s plot, as in \"MuchAdo About Nothing\" when Don John tricks Claudio into believing that his fiancé has been unfaithful through mistaken identity. Characters also play scenes in disguise and it is not uncommon for female characters to disguise themselves as male characters.或者威尼斯商人中的鲍西亚\n\n③.爱的主题：\n青年恋人为克服困难而进行的斗争，常由长辈引起 例：罗密欧与朱丽叶\n\n③.Theme of love:\nA struggle of young lovers to overcome difficulty, often presented by elders\n④.Characters:\n\n④.人物：\n第一组：男青年和女青年；他们生活在青春的世界里，梦想着欢笑，为自己的幸福而战。罗密欧与朱丽叶\n第二组：简单精明的小丑【夏洛克】和其他普通人 威尼斯商人\n这些人物使这出戏充满了幽默和笑声。莎士比亚喜剧的成功在很大程度上归功于小丑的出现。没有他们，戏剧就会变得枯燥乏味。\n\n⑤.女性角色：\n莎士比亚把女性角色放在喜剧的突出位置。他非常尊重妇女的尊严、诚实、智慧、勇气、决心和足智多谋。莎士比亚喜剧中的年轻女主角性格独立，很有侧翼性。他们不再受父母或丈夫的控制。它们是一种新型的。他们机智、勇敢、有爱心、欢笑、忠诚。他们快乐，让别人快乐。他们把命运掌握在自己手中。在说话、思考和感觉上，他们是平等的，甚至是人的上级。莎士比亚的喜剧充满了资产阶级思想，具有进步的意义。结合Portia\n\nUsually there are two groups of\ncharacters in Shakespeare\u0027s comedies. The first group is composed of characters of young men and young women. They live in the world of youth and dreams of laughter, and fight for their happiness. The second group consist simple and shrewd clowns and other common people, These characters make the play full of humor and laughter. The success of Shakespeare\u0027s comedies owes much to the appearance of clowns. Without them the plays would becom edull and humorless.\n⑤.Female characters:\nShakespeare put women characters at a prominent place in comedies.He showed great respect for the dignity, honesty, wit, courage, determination and\nresourcefulness of women. The young heroines in Shakespeare\u0027s comedies are independent in character and very flank. They are no longer controlled by their parents or husbands. They are of a new type. They are witty, bold, loving, laughing and faithful.They are happy and make others happy. They carry their destinies in their own hands. In speaking, thinking and feeling they are equals or even superiors of men. Shakespeare\u0027s comedies are imbued with bourgeois ideas and show progressive significance.\n2.四大悲剧与悲剧特点：【简答素材】\n①.哈姆雷特：与外界的邪恶作斗争；Hamlet:fighting against the outside evil;\n②.奥赛罗：外在的恶使人堕落；Othello:an outward evil causes a man\u0027s fall;\n③.李尔王：人的错误释放邪恶；King Lear:man\u0027s mistakes set free the evils;\n④.麦克白；外界的邪恶毁灭英雄。Macbeth; an outward evil destroys a hero.\n1) 共同主题：humanism【联系阶段文学特征】\n①.人文主义主人公理想的幻灭，人文主义理想与残酷的现实；\n②.人想掌控自己的命运；\n③.资产阶级的兴起，反应了权利的变更；\n④.悲剧的结局是偶然性与必然性的结合，悲剧的原因是社会也是人。\n①. The disillusionment of the ideal of the hero of humanism, the ideal of humanism and the cruel reality;\n②. People want to control their own destiny;\n③. The rise of the bourgeoisie reflects the change of rights;\n④. The end of tragedy is the combination of contingency and inevitability. The reason of tragedy is that society is also human.\n2)悲剧中人物的共同特点：\n①.每一个人物都是一个英雄，面对人生的不公，陷入困境。他的命运与整个民族的命运息息相关。King Lear\n②.悲剧是偶然性与必然性的结合：每个英雄都有他的弱点。忧郁的学者王子哈姆雷特面临着行动与心灵的两难选择。奥瑟罗内心的弱点被外部邪恶势力利用了。老李尔王不愿完全放弃自己的权力，使自己饱受背叛和不忠之苦。麦克白对权力的渴望激起了他的野心，导致他不断犯罪。\n①Each portrays is some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation. His fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.\n②. The combination of contingency and inevitability:\nA Each hero has his weakness of nature. Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind. Othello\u0027s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force. The old king Lear, who is unwilling to totally give up his power, makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity. And Macbeth\u0027s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.\n③.整出戏通常以主人公为主中心。在刻画主人公软弱或偏见的同时，也暴露出个人与社会邪恶势力之间的尖锐冲突。\n③.The whole play is usually centered about the hero. And along with the portrayal of the weakness or bias of the hero, the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil forces in the society is also revealed.⑧Features of Shakespeare’s Drama（莎士比亚戏剧特点）