1953 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: SIR HANS ADOLF KREBS for his discovery of the citric acid cycle and the other half to:FRITZ ALBERT LIPMANN for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism.
1952 SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
1951 MAX THEILER for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it.
1950 The prize was awarded jointly to: EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL , TADEUS REICHSTEIN and PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.
1949 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: WALTER RUDOLF HESS for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs and the other half to:ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS MONIZ for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses.
1948 PAUL HERMANN MLER for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arth ropods.
1947 The prize was divided, one half awarded jointly to: CARL FERDINAND CORI and GERTY THERESA CORI nRADNITZ for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen and the other half awarded to: BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.
1946 HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.
1945 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING , SIR ERNST BORIS CHAIN and LORD HOWARD WALTER FLOREY for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.
1944 The prize was awarded jointly to JOSEPH ERLANGER and HERBERT SPENCER GASSER for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.
1943 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: HENRIK CARL PETER DAM for his discovery of vitamin K. and the other half to:EDWARD ADELBERT DOISY for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.
1942-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1939 GERHARD DOMAGK for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award, but later received the diploma and the medal.)
1938 CORNEILLE JEAN FRANIS HEYMANS for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.
1937 ALBERT SZENT-GGYI VON NAGYRAPOLT for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.
1936 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE and OTTO LOEWI for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
1935 HANS SPEMANN for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.
1934 The prize was awarded jointly to: GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE , GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT and WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia.
1933 THOMAS HUNT MORGAN for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.
1932 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON and LORD EDGAR DOUGLAS ADRIAN for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.
1931 OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
1930 KARL LANDSTEINER for his discovery of human blood groups.
1929 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: CHRISTIAAN EIJKMAN for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin and the other half awarded to:SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.
1928 CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE for his work on typhus.
1927 JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.
1926 JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB FIBIGER for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.
1925 The prize money for 1925 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1924 WILLEM EINTHOVEN for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.
1923 SIR FREDERICK GRANT BANTING and JOHN JAMES RICHARD MACLEOD for the discovery of insulin.
1922 The prize was divided equally between: SIR ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle and OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactid acid in the muscle.
1921 The prize money for 1921 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1920 SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERGER KROGH for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.
1919 JULES BORDET for his discoveries relating to immunity.
1918-1915 The prize money for 1918-1915 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914 ROBERT BY for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.
1913 CHARLES ROBERT RICHET in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis.
1912 ALEXIS CARREL in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood-vessels and organs.
1911 ALLVAR GULLSTRAND for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.
1910 ALBRECHT KOSSEL in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.
1909 EMIL THEODOR KOCHER for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland.
1908 The prize was awarded jointly to: ILYA ILYICH MECHNIKOV and PAUL EHRLICH in recognition of their work on immunity.
1907 CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases.
1906 The prize was awarded jointly to: CAMILLO GOLGI and SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL in recognition of their work on the stucture of the nervous system.
1905 ROBERT KOCH for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.
1904 IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.
1903 NIELS RYBERG FINSEN in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science.
1902 SIR RONALD ROSS for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful resesarch on this disease and methods of combating it.
1901 EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winners 2000-1901
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2000 The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to: ALAN J. HEEGER, ALAN G. MACDIARMID, and HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA for the discovery and development of conductive polymers.
1999 AHMED ZEWAIL for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.
1998 The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved. The prize was divided equally between: WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory and JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.
1997 The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to: PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and with one half to: JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase.
1996 The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for their discovery of fullerenes.
1995 The prize was awarded jointly to: PAUL CRUTZEN , MARIO MOLINA , and F. SHERWOOD ROWLAND for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.
1994 GEORGE A. OLAH for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.
1993 The prize was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry equally between: KARY B. MULLIS for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. and MICHAEL SMITH for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.
1992 RUDOLPH A. MARCUS for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.
1991 RICHARD R. ERNST for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
1990 ELIAS JAMES COREY for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.
1989 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIDNEY ALTMAN and THOMAS R. CECH for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA.
1988 The prize was awarded jointly to: JOHANN DEISENHOFER , ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.
1987 The prize was awarded jointly to: ONALD J. CRAM , JEAN-MARIE LEHN and CHARLES J. PEDERSEN for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.
1986 The prize was awarded jointly to: DUDLEY R. HERSCHBACH , YUAN T. LEE and JOHN C. POLANYI for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.
1985 The prize was awarded jointly to: HERBERT A. HAUPTMAN and JEROME KARLE for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.
1984 ROBERT BRUCE MERRIFIELD for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.
1983 HENRY TAUBE for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.
1982 SIR AARON KLUG for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes.
1981 The prize was awarded jointly to: KENICHI FUKUI and ROALD HOFFMANN for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions.
1980 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: PAUL BERG for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA and the other half jointly to: WALTER GILBERT and FREDERICK SANGER for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.
1979 The prize was divided equally between: HERBERT C. BROWN and GEORG WITTIG for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.
1978 PETER D. MITCHELL for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.
1977 ILYA PRIGOGINE for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures.
1976 WILLIAM N.. LIPSCOMB for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding.
1975 The prize was divided equally between: SIR JOHN WARCUP CORNFORTH for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and VLADIMIR PRELOG for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.
1974 PAUL J. FLORY for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules.
1973 The prize was divided equally between: ERNST OTTO FISCHER and SIR GEOFFREY WILKINSON for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds.
1972 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: CHRISTIAN B. ANFINSEN for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation and the other half jointly to: STANFORD MOORE and WILLIAM H. STEIN for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.
