我的语言学复习痕迹
这是本人当年考研英语语言学的复习资料，纯手敲，而且结合了多本资料和书。
P Chapter 12 Theories and schools of modern Linguistic
« Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistic?
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« The Prague School
= What are the three specially important points of ideas developed in the Prague School?
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= What is the Prague School best known and remembered for?
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= What is Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)?
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补充：Theme: it is the ground on which the speaker and the hearer meet and it is called the Theme.
Rheme: the goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer, and is called the Rheme.
« The London School
The London School refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. J.R. Firth turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain. Firth, under the influence of the anthropologist B. Malinowski, influenced his student M.A.K. Halliday. They all stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of language. Thus, Landon School is known as systemic linguistic and functional linguistics.
= What did Firth inherit from Malinowski’s and Saussure’s views?
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= Firth’s prosodic analysis
Firth’s second important contribution to linguistic is his method of Prosodic Analysis, called Prosodic phonology. In order to analyse the functions on various levels, mere phonetic and phonological descriptions are insufficient. So phonematic units considered which include features such as stress, length, nasalization, palatalisation, and aspiration.
= Can you make a brief introduction to Systemic-Functional (SF) Grammar? (Halliday)
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= Halliday’s seven functions in children’s model of language.
1. The instrumental function
2. The regulatory function
3. The interactional function
4. The personal function
5. The heuristic function
6. The imaginative function
7. The informative function
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= Halliday’s three metafunctions in adults’ language.
1. The ideational function
2. The interpersonal function
3. The textual function
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= The ideational function
The ideational function is to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer. The ideational function mainly consists of “transitivity” and “voice”.
= The interpersonal function
The interpersonal function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. Because the clause is not confined to the expression of transitivity, there are non-ideational elements in the adult language system.
Interpersonal function is realized by mood and modality.
=The textual function
The textual function refers to the fact that language has mechanism to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.
= Transitivity
« American Structuralism
= American structuralism
American structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. It developed differently from that of Europe under the leadership of the anthropologist F.Boas.
The development of American structuralism can be roughly classified into three stages:
(1) Boas and Sapir Period (1911-1932)
(2) Bloomfieldian period (1933-1950)
(3) Post-Bloomfieldian Period (1952-1956)
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= What is behaviorism?
Behaviorism is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced.
For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of the positivistic brand of psychology known as “behaviourism”. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement”, and the adult’s use of language is also a process of “stimulus-response”.
= What is tagmemics? (法位学)
Tagmemics is a school of linguistics deriving from American structuralism based on the work of Kenneth Lee Pike and using the tagmeme as the basic unit of grammatical analysis.
« Transformational-Generative Grammar
= What is the characteristic of TG grammar?
The starting point of Chomsky’s TG Grammar is his innateness hypothesis, based on his observations that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately.
Chomsky’s TG Grammar has the following features.
First, Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles.
Second, Chomsky believes that the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the tacit不言而喻的;默示的 knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals.
Third, Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker’s tacit knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers actually say; they rely on their own intuition.
Fourth, Chomsky’s methodology is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a) the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure —a general linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars for particular languages, and (b) each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory.
Finally, Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
=What is LAD? What is innateness hypothesis?
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« Linguistic theories in the latter half of the 20th century
= What is Case Grammar?
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= What is Generative Semantics?
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«Modern linguistic
ª The traditional grammar school attempts to lay down universally valid rules to show how a language ought to be used. It is prescriptive rather than descriptive.
ªSaussure
Saussure is the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of sign, called conventions. His idea on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the distinction of langue and parole, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
ªThe Prague School
1.This school practiced a special style of synchronic linguistic, and its important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of function.
2. Trubetzkoy is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology.
3. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)
ªThe London School
Thus, Landon School is known as systemic linguistic and functional linguistics.
Malinowski—Firth
Halliday’s Systemic-Functional Grammar (Stemming from Firth’s theories in the London School, Halliday’ Systemic-Functional Grammar is a socially oriented functional linguistic approach.)
ªAmerican Structuralism
Boas and Sapir
Bloomfield’s theory of Behaviorism
ªTransformational-Generative Grammar (A.N. Chomsky)
The Innateness Hypothesis
Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
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P Chapter 3 Lexicon
« Word-formation can be further divided into two subtypes: the compound, and the derivation.
«Lexical change
1. Lexical change proper
New words or expressions are created through the following processes except compound and derivation, which are called lexical change proper.
j Invention (coinage)
k Blending
l Abbreviation
m Acronym
n Back-formation
