    In phonetics: the tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root.
    In phonology: the tongue is divided into coronal(tip and blade), dorsal(front and back) and radical(root)

3.    Manner of articulation (a picture is added here)
    Stops:
The sound is produced when the obstruction is complete, and the sound is produced when the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out against.
    Nasals
The sound is produced by lowing the soft palate and the air pass through the nose.
    Fricatives:
It refers to sound produced when an obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth, so as to cause definite local frication at the point.
    Affricatives
It refers to the sound produced when obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with the frication resulting from partial obstruction.
    Approximants
One articulator is close to another but without the vocal tract narrow to cause a turbulent.
    Laterals
The obstruction of airstream is at a point along the center of oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth.
    Trill
It is produced when an articulator is set vibrating by air stream, such as /r/ in red.
    Tap
When the tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge to produce only one vibrate.
    Flap
It is produced when the tip of the tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture an then striking the roof of the mouth in the post-alveolar region as it returns to its position behind the lower front teeth.

4.    Place of articulation:
It refers to wherein the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing or the obstruction of the air.

5.    Vowels:
Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

6.    The criteria of the vowel ( a picture is added here)
    The height of the tongue raising: high, mid, low
    The position of highest part of the tongue: front, central, back
    The length or tenseness of the tongue: long or short; tense or lax
    The shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded

7.    Monophthongs diphthongs and tripthongs
    They are those pure vowels with unchanging quality
    If a single movement from one element of the tongue is involved, the combining vowel is called diphthongs
    If two movements from one element to second, from the second to the third of the tongue is involved, the combining vowel is called tripthongs.

8.    Coarticulation
It refers to the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors.
    Anticipatory coarticulation: the sound becomes more like the following sound, such as in the case lamb
    Preservative coarticulation: the sound becomes more like the preceding sound, such as in the case of map

9.    Narrow transcription and broad transcription:
    Narrow transcription: we try to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the minutest shades of pronunciation. It contains a set of diacritics.

10.    Phonological theory:
    Minimal pairs
    When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair
    For example, pin and pen; tip and tap
    Phone, phoneme, and allophones
    Phone: it is a basic unit of phonetic study, and it is a minimal sound segment that human speech organs can produce.
    Phoneme: it is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features. For example, /t/ /d/……
    The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, [ph]
    Complementary distribution
    When two or more than two allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguishen meaning and never occur in the same context, then the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.
    [p] and [ph]; [l] and [l]
    Free variation
    If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution for another does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.
    For example, in cup the /p/ and /p/
    Phonemic contrast and distinctive features
    Phonetic contrast: if two phonemes occurs in a minimal pair occur in the same place and distinguish meaning, these two phonemes are said to be in phonemic contrast.
    Distinctive features: they are those features which are phonologically revant properties and can distinguish meaning, for example, plosiveness, bilabiality, and voicelessness in English phonology. Some of the major distinctions include consonantal, sonorant, nasal and voiced. These are known as binary features which have two values denoted by “+” and “-”

11.    Phonological process
    Any phonological process must has aspects to it:
    A set of sound to undergo the process
    A set of sound produced by the process
    A set of situation in which the process applies
    Assimilation:
    Regressive assimilation: a following sound is influencing a preceding sound
    Progressive assimilation: a preceding sound is influencing a following sound
    Devoicing:
Voiced sounds become voiceless
    Epenthesis:
Insertion of a sound
    Nasalization: a sound in a word is influenced by a nasal sound
    Dentalization: a sound in a word is influenced by a dental sound
    Velarization: it refers to the process in which a sound in a word takes on the features of a velar segment.
    Deletion rule:
    A sound is deleted although it is orthographically represented
    For example: sign: delete a /g/ in this word.

12.    Suprasegmental features
The features that occur above the level of segments and can distinguish meaning are called suprasegmental features.
    Syllable structure: a syllable can be divided into two parts, the rhyme and the onset. As the vowel within the rhyme is nucleus, the consonants after it will be termed coda.
    Maximal onset principle
    On set: at most 3; coda: at most 4
    Stress: it refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.
    Tones: tones are pitch variations, which are caused by differing rates of vibration of vocal cords.
    Intonation: when pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively as intonation.
    Falling tone
    Rising tone
    The fall-rise tone.