习题全解
Ⅰ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal commercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco.
　 Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B. C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers (70%)who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert.
Ⅱ.
以下内容需要回复才能看到
1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- (a) the burial of the poor inhabitants (b)an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread (c)the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ (d)cultivation of the poor soil; (e) the old women carrying fire wood.
　 2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.
　 3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags.
　 4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses completely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic.
　 5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred.
　 6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible. It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded.
　 7. See paragraph 18.
　 8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden.
　 9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?" They knew they could not go on fooling these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in revolt and free themselves.

Ⅲ.1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies.
　 2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings.
　 3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings.
　 4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well come after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay.
　 5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing".
　 6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.
IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.
　 2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).
　 3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.
　 4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.
　 5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.
　 6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.
　 7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.
　 8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.
　 9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting)．
　 10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．
　 11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．
　 12．People with brown skins are almost invisible．
　 13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．
　 14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?。
　 15．Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．
Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．
Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice
　 2．navvy：abbreviation of “navigator”，a British word meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc．
　 3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place
　 4．warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shape
　 5．self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary
　 6．wretched：poor in quality，very inferior
　 7．mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy
　 8．reach—me—down：(British colloquialism)second—hand or ready—made clothing
　 9． charger：a horse ridden in battle or on parade
Ⅶ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音，并伴以流 泪。weep更具体，强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿 地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹。
　 2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状，具体表现为喜怒无常，时哭时笑，行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱(如酒醉发烧时)，具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语，指狂暴不能自制。 hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱，表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以及不自觉地模拟眼瞎、 耳聋等。用于引申义时，mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度，成为癖好，如a mania for drinking(嗜酒)；delirium 指极度兴奋，如a delirium of joy(狂喜)；hysteria指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发，如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．(她又是笑又是哭，感情难以控制。)。