GMAT考试-Testprep数学精解(9)

网络资源 Freekaoyan.com/2008-04-10

  A——>B

  A

  Therefore, B

  This diagram displays the if-then statement “A——>B,” the affirmed premise “A

  ,“ and the necessary conclusion ”B.“ Such a diagram can be very helpful in s

  howing the logical structure of an argument.

  Example: (If-then)

  If Jane does not study for the GMAT, then she will not score well. Jane, in

  fact, did not study for the GMAT; therefore she scored poorly on the test.

  When symbolizing games, we let a letter stand for an element. When symbolizi

  ng arguments, however, we may let a letter stand for an element, a phrase, a

  clause, or even an entire sentence. The clause “Jane does not study for the

  GMAT“ can be symbolized as ~S, and the clause ”she will not score well“ can

  be symbolized as ~W. Substituting these symbolssintosthe argument yields th

  e following diagram:

  ~S——>~W

  ~S

  Therefore, ~W

  This diagram shows that the argument has a valid if-then structure. A condit

  ional statement is presented, ~S——>~W; its premise affirmed, ~S; and then th

  e conclusion that necessarily follows, ~W, is stated.

  Embedded If-Then Statements

  Usually, arguments involve an if-then statement. Unfortunately, the if-then

  thought is often embedded in other equivalent structures. In this section, w

  e study how to spot these structures.

  Example: (Embedded If-then)

  John and Ken cannot both go to the party.

  At first glance, this sentence does not appear to contain an if-then stateme

  nt. But it essentially says: “if John goes to the party, then Ken does not.”

  Example: (Embedded If-then)

  Danielle will be accepted to graduate school only if she does well on the GR

  E.


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