George F. Kennan

　　Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage？

　　（A） A problem is presented and then a possible solution is discussed.

　　（B） The benefits and demerits of the automobile are compared and contrasted.

　　（C） A topic is presented and a number of its effects are discussed.

　　（D） A set of examples is furnished to support a conclusion.

　　This passage is laden with effects. Kennan introduces the cause， the automobile， in the opening sentence and from there on presents a series of effects——the automobile pollutes， enslaves， and so on. Hence the answer is （C）。 Note： （D） is the second-best choice； it is disqualified by two flaws. First， in this context， “examples” is not as precise as “effects.” Second， thesgroupsis wrong： the conclusion， “I worry about the private automobile” is presented first and then the examples： it pollutes， it enslaves， etc.

　　C. State a position and then give supporting evidence.

　　This technique is common with opinionated passages. Equally common is the reverse order. That is， the supporting evidence is presented and then the position or conclusion is stated. And sometimes the evidence will be structured to build up to a conclusion which is then left unstated. If this is done skillfully the reader will be more likely to arrive at the same conclusion as the author.

　　Extension Questions

　　Extension questions are the most common. They require you to go beyond what is stated in the passage， asking you to draw an inference from the passage， to make a conclusion based on the passage， or to identify one of the author‘s tacit assumptions.

　　Since extension questions require you to go beyond the passage， the correct answer must say more than what is said in the passage. Beware of same language traps with these questions： the correct answer will often both paraphrase and extend a statement in the passage， but it will not directly quote it.

　　“Same Language” traps： For extension questions， any answer-choice that explicitly refers to or repeats a statement in the passage will probably be wrong ……

　　The correct answer to an extension question will not require a quantum leap in thought， but it will add significantly to the ideas presented in the passage.

　　Example： （Refer to the first passage.）

　　The author views the prosecution‘s role in the inquisitorial system as being （A） an advocate for both society and the defendant

　　（B） solely responsible for starting a trial

　　（C） a protector of the legal rule

　　（D） an investigator only

　　（E） an aggressive but fair investigator

　　This is an extension question. So the answer will not be explicitly stated in the passage， but it will be strongly supported by it.

　　The author states that the prosecutor is duty bound to present any evidence that may prove the defendant innocent and that he must disclose all pretrial evidence （i.e.， have no tricks up his sleeve）。 This is the essence of fair play. The answer is （E）。