1.动词的概念及种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词，按在句中的功用分为以下四种：
| 类别 | 用法及意户 | 例词 | 例句与说明 |
实 义 动 词 | 及物动词（vt.） | 表动作或状态，有完整词义，后接宾语，能单独作谓语 | like, enjoy, watch, want | She likes watching TV. Do you enjoy listening to music? |
不及物动词(vi.) | 表动作或状态，有完整词义，后接宾语，能单独作谓语 | rise, come, arrive, happen | That story happened last year. When did Tom arrive? | |
连系动词 | 本身有词义，但须与表语一起构成谓语 | 表示“是”，“仍是” | be, stay, remain | She remains a teacher. |
表“变得” | become, get, grow, fall, go,turn | It’s getting warm. | ||
表“听/看/闻/摸/尝 起来” | sound / look / smell / feel / taste | That sounds a good idea. It tastes delicious. | ||
表“似乎”,“好象” | seem,appear | He seems all right. | ||
助动词 | 本身无意义不单独作谓语 | 谓语动词是单独的行为动词，在一般现在时/过去时的句中帮助构成否定或疑问 | Do, Does, Did(位于句首构成一般问句) | Does he speak English? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. He doesn’t speak English. |
don’t / doesn’t / didn’t(位于谓语动词前来表否定) | Jane didn’t go to school yesterday. | |||
与doing连用构成进行时 | be (not) doing | She is doing her homework now. | ||
与done连用构成被动语态 | be done | The tree was planed last year. | ||
与done连用构成完成时 | have / has / had done | She has gone back. | ||
后接动词原形构成将来时 | will/ shall do | I shall do it. | ||
情态动词 | 本身有意义，但不能单独作谓语，与主要动词原形一起表示说话人的语气，情态，没有人称、数的变化。 | 表“能够” | can/could(没其他形式) be able to(有各种时态与形式) | Jane could swim when she was six. I’ll be able to speak French next year. |
表“许可” | may(较正式) can(口语) | You may smoke here. “can’t”不可以；“may not”不可以 | ||
表“请求许可” | can/could(用于一、二人称) may/might(用于第一人称) | Can you help me? May I help you?=Can I help you? | ||
表“可能” | can/could may/might(不用于问句) | “can’t”只用于否定 “may not / might not”不可能 | ||
表“必须” | must have to(可有各种时态) | “mustn’t”意为“不可以”，表禁止 “don’t/doesn’t have to”意为“不必” | ||
表“应该” | should,ought to有义务 be supposed to | shouldn’t/oughtn’t to不应该 are not supposed to不应该 | ||
表“一定” | must | Tom must be late. | ||
表“需要” | need | 作情态动词时常用于否定句，疑问句或条件从句 作行为动词时，常用于肯定句 | ||
表“敢” 表“请求指示” | dare shall I / we / he…？ | —“Shall I open the door”? —“Sure,please.” Where shall we meet? | ||
表“向对方提出请求” | Will / Would you please? | —“Will you please open the door?” —“Sure.” | ||
询问对方的意思 | Would you like to…? | —“Would you like to try one more.” —“No,thank you.” | ||
表说话人的意愿 | shall | You shall be back at ten。 | ||
“命令、允诺、强制”等，用于二、三人称 | He shall obey the rules. | |||
表“意愿”，用于各人称 | will/would | I will answer the phone. | ||
表“过去常常习惯于” | used to | 过去曾有的动作/状态；过去的习惯，此时相当于would；表次数时不用。 | ||
would | 表过去动作的重复，有明确的时间状语；表过去的次数时不用。 | |||
表“祝愿” | may | May you succeed. |
2．动词的基本形式及变化规则如下表：
情况/形式 | 原形 | 现在分词 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
一般情况 | talk | 加-ing talking | 加-ed talked | 加-ed talked |
以e结尾 | remove | 去e加-ing removing | 加-d removed | 加-d removed |
以辅音字母加-y结尾 | carry | 加-ing carrying | 改y为i加-ed carried | 改y为i再加-ed carried |
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词 | stop | 双写结尾辅音字母加-ing stopping | 双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped | 双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped |
以s,x,sh,ch[tF]结尾的词 | watch | 加-ing watching | 加-ed watched | 加-ed watched |
以ie结尾的词 | tie | 改ie为y再加-ing tying | 加-d tied | 加-d tied |
