Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness； individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves. Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act. In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing—it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat's group. Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.

　　Narrator Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading. [解析]这是与读、听结合的写作任务。这一题型是关于学术方面的，阅读文章讲述的是一个学术问题，听力部分是课堂授课的节选，内容与阅读文章有关，但是从不同的角度讨论同一个问题。听力中的内容有可能是支持阅读文章的观点，也有可能是反对阅读文章中的内容。考生永远需要总结听力中的观点，但同时需要阐述听力中的观点与阅读文章中观点的关系。

　　阅读文章是关于动物的一种“舍己为人”的行为，基本观点有:人类的“舍己为人”的行为有比如:与人分享食品、捐献器官。然后以meerkat这种动物为例，说明动物也有“舍己为人”的行为。Meerkat的几种行为说明他们是“舍己为人”的:担任警卫工作的meerkat在同类狩猎或是吃饭的时候，负责观察是否有敌人靠近，一旦有敌人靠近就发出警报以通知同类逃离，做出的牺牲就是没有吃东西就站岗；发出警报后只能独自逃离，增加了被捕食的危险。听力部分从相反的角度反对这一观点，提出的观点有:meerkat的进食习惯，新的发现是站岗的meerkat实际上是第一个吃东西的，而不是饿着肚子站岗；站岗的meerkat站在洞口附近，一旦发现危险，可以立即跑进洞中，成为最有可能逃离危险的一个，那些东出去找食物的同类反倒更危险。关于人类捐献器官，教授认为其实捐献者得到了社会的赞扬，自身价值的提高等非物质的报偿。

　　考生需要从三个方面进行对比讨论:阅读文章中的观点                听力中的观点人类的器官捐献是无私的行为      人类的器官捐献得到来自社会的承认和赞誉。

　　meerkat卫兵不吃东西就去站岗    Meerkat为兵早于其同类吃饭才去站岗Meerkat卫兵被捕食的危险最大    meerkat实际上是最容易逃离危险的

　　同样的，好的回答一定是让没有听过对话的人也能明白你在讲些什么地回答。