1.WHO: World Health Organization世界卫生组织

2.CBD: Central Business District中央商业区，中心商务区

3.CPU: Central Processing Unit中央处理器

4.IMF:?国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund) ?

5.ISO: International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织

6.OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织

7.UNESCO:?联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization)

8.Euromart: European Common Market欧洲共同市场

9.Guiness Book of Record: 吉尼斯世界纪录

10.negative population growth: 人口负增长

11.the European Economic Community: 欧洲经济共同体

12.World Intellectual Property Organization: 世界知识产权组织

13,Global warming is believed to be the results of an enhanced greenhouse effect.?温室效应

14. The English system of house buying depends initially upon a gentleman’s agreement between the buyer and the seller without any backing from the law. 君子协定

15. The I-steel is frequently used in construction.工字形钢

16.安居工程:?Affordable Housing Project

17.不可再生资源: non-renewable resources

18.多党合作制:?the system of multi-party cooperation

19.工业园区 industrial parks/zones

20.绿色食品 green food

21.泡沫经济 bubble economy

22.人才流失 brain drain

23.售后服务 after-sale service

24.技术下乡 spread technological knowledge to farmers

25.可持续发展：sustainable development

26.老字号 time-honored brands；an old and famous shop or enterprise

27.台湾回归祖国，完成统一大业是我们这一代人光荣的历史使命。The great cause of reunification

28.学分制：Credit system

29.独立关税地区：Separate customs territory

30.精神文明：cultural and ideological progress; intellectual and ideological development

The Industrial Revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760. It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. The Industrial Revolution is simply the English way of making those social changes. I think of it as the English Revolution.

What makes it especially English? Obviously, it began in England. England was already the leading manufacturing nation. But the manufacture was cottage industry, and the Industrial Revolution begins in the villages. The men who make it are craftsmen: the millwright, the watchmaker, the canal builder, and the blacksmith. What makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside.

During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventurers. The summer faded. Trade grew more competitive. By the end of the century the needs of industry were harsher and more pressing. The organization of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough. Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running industry changed. Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes. By 1820, it was standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen.

参考答案：工业革命是开始于1760的一系列变革。它绝非是唯一的：它是三场革命中的一场，另外两场革命分别是始于1775的美国独立战争和始于1789年的法国大革命。把工业革命与两场政治革命放在一起来讨论似乎有些奇怪。但是事实上它们都是社会革命。工业革命只是以英国化的方式使社会发生改变，我把他看成英国革命。

是什么使这次革命极其英国化？很显然，它开始于英格兰。英格兰已经是领先的生产国，但是制造业都是家庭手工业，因此工业革命在乡村开始的。发起这次革命的是一些工匠，包括造水车工匠、钟表匠、运河建造者以及铁匠。使工业革命如此英国化的因素是它植根于农村。

在十八世纪上半叶，在牛顿生命的晚期，在英国皇家协会不断衰落中，英格兰的乡村工业和商业冒险家的海外贸易在最后的兴旺中大大受益。鼎盛时期开始走下坡路了，贸易竞争越来越激烈。十八世纪末，工业需求越来越严酷，越来越紧迫。家庭手工业的生产组织方式满足不了需求。两代之内，大体上从1760年到1820年，经营工业的传统方式发生了改变。在1760年前，把工作带到村民们家里做是当时的标准。到1820年，其标准是把工人带到工厂里去工作并监控他们的行为。

中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情找，“民为邦本”，“民贵君轻”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐劳，勤俭持家，尊师重教的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭，国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。

参考答案: The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course. More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and ZhuangZi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term”the masters’ hundred schools.” The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic. For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all. Especially,patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”; the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”; the code of conduct of “Treat others as you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation: endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management,and respecting teachers and valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family,the country and the society.

南京大学2010-2013年MTI真题下载：百度云

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