I. Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations or terminology into their target language respectively.

Biotic community：生物群落；生物界

Stagnation：停滞；滞止；萧条；经济停滞；不景气

Aggregate demand：总需要；总需求量

Grinding poverty：极度贫困

Midfielder： 中场队员

Bioclimatic factor：生物气候因素

Working drawing：设计图；工作图

Raison d’etat：国家利益

European Council：欧洲理事会

Cardiovascular disease：心血管疾病；

Brain drain：人才流失

Patron saint： 守护神

Sulphur dioxide：二氧化硫

Orphanage：孤儿院；孤儿身份

Biological determinism：生物决定论

扶贫工作：Poverty alleviation

债券：bond

知识产权：intellectual property

钦差大臣：imperial envoy ; imperial commissioner

申办奥运会：bid for the Olympic Games

植物细胞和组织培养：Plant Cell and Tissue Culture

关税：tariff

军备竞赛： arms race

多极化：multi-polarization

前所未有的：unprecedented

在职培训：on-the-job training ; in-service training

农历： lunar calendar

制冷剂：Refrigerant

新陈代谢：metabolism

生殖性克隆：reproductive cloning

电动汽车：electric car ; electric automobile ; electric vehicle

II. Directions: Translate the following source texts into their target language?respectively.Source Text 1:

For most American families, there’s one major money-related tradition associated with Thanksgiving: Black Friday shopping. But for others, bargain hunting takes a back seat to a financial reality check. They use this time together as an opportunity to discuss and review a host of financial issues ranging from estate planning and wills to investment and philanthropy.

And financial advisers, who sometimes attend more formal versions of these Thanksgiving conversations, have much to share in terms of what direction these meetings can take. They stress that with a little preparation, and a lot of nonconfrontational goodwill, families can come out with an increased sense of connectedness, cooperation and shared vision.

Still, it’s hard to gauge how family members will react, even to the most innocuous statements. Every tribe has its more emotional and melodramatic types, and so it’s crucial to limit the chances of misinterpretation or outbursts. This may be especially true if younger adults are involved and feel cornered in front of the whole family, experts say.

“Listening is the most important part,” says Ben Tobias, president of Tobias Financial Advisors in Plantation, Florida. If a son or daughter wants to join the Peace Corps instead of get a more traditional job, “find out the reasons why, and remember that doing something for two or three years can be a valuable experience. But ask, ‘Have you given any thought to your plans after that?’ You want them to look a little more in the future than just immediate gratification.”(选自路透社报道 Families talk turkey at Thanksgiving financial meetings? mtizt.com注）

参考译文:

对于大多数美国家庭来说，有个主要的与钱有关的传统也和感恩节相关：“黑色星期五”购物。但是对于其他人来说，买便宜货倒是处于次要地位，更重要的是审视财务状况。他们利用感恩节的聚会来探讨并回顾众多财务问题，从房产计划、遗嘱，到投资和慈善，多种多样。

财务咨询师对于会议的方向上有很多经验可以分享，这些咨询师有时还参加更正式的感恩节交流会。他们强调，只需要稍许准备，友善且不针锋相对，家庭成员就能在交流中更具互通、合作和共享的意识。

但是我们依然很难估计家庭成员会作何反应，甚至是对一些无伤大雅的表述。每个家族都有自己情绪化和戏剧性的风格，所以减少误解或者情感爆发的几率至关重要。专家认为，如果有年轻人参加，而且感觉遭到整个家庭的排挤时，这一点尤为真切。

“倾听是最重要的，” 佛罗里达州普兰泰申的托比亚斯财务顾问公司总裁本?托比亚斯说道。如果儿女想加入美国和平队，而不是找一份更传统的工作，“找出原因，而且记住，花两三年做点事情是宝贵的人生经历。但要问问，‘你有没有想想这之后怎么办？’你想要子女们多想想未来，而不是暂时满足。”

Source Text 2:

Forget expensive educational DVDs and private tutors, the secret to smart children could be as simple as giving birth to them two years apart. Researchers who studied thousands of children found a two-year gap to be optimum in boosting brain power. Any shorter, and the reading and maths skills of the older child dipped. The effect was strongest between the first and second-born, but siblings in bigger families also benefited. The theory comes from Kasey Buckles, an economist whose own children are, rather fortunately, just over two years apart in age. She said it is likely that the difference in academic achievement is linked to the time and resources parents can invest in a child before a younger sibling arrives. However, waiting more than two years did not increase the advantage, the Journal of Human Resources will report.(136 words) (选自 中国日报双语新闻 Scientists say wait two years before having your second child mtizt.com注）

参考译文:

忘了昂贵的教学光碟和家教吧，想让孩子聪明，秘诀很简单，就是第一胎和第二胎的出生相隔两年。 研究人员研究了成千上万名小孩后发现，要增进小孩的智力，最好是在两胎间相隔两年。 间隔时间再短的话，年长的孩子的阅读和数学技能都会下降。 这一影响在第一胎和第二胎孩子身上最为强烈，不过大家庭中有兄弟姐妹的孩子也会因此而收益。得出这一理论的是经济学家凯西?巴克尔斯，挺幸运的是，她自己的小孩的出生间隔时间正好是两年多一点。 她说，学习成绩的差别可能和父母在更小的孩子出生之前能够投入到孩子身上的时间和资源有关。 不过，《人力资源杂志》却报道说，超过两年后再生第二个小孩并不会让孩子的智力更有优势。

Source Text 3:

柳敬亭者，扬之泰州人，本姓曹。年十五，犷悍无赖，犯法当死，变姓柳，之盱眙市中为人说书，已能倾动其市人。久之，过江，云间有儒生莫后光见之，曰：“此 子机变，可使以其技鸣。”于是谓之曰：“说书虽小技，然必句性情，习方俗，如优孟摇头而歌，而后可以得志。”敬亭退而凝神定气，简练揣摩，期月而诣莫生。 生曰：“子之说，能使人欢咍嗢噱矣。”又期月，生曰：“子之说，能使人慷慨涕泣矣。”又期月，生喟然曰：“子言末发而哀乐具乎其前，使人之性情不能自主， 盖进乎技矣。” (正文250字)

注：文词注释量体裁衣，望文生义必合情理，专名翻译采用拼音.

参考译文:

Liu JIngting was a son of the Cao family of Taizhou in Yangzhou Prefecture. Having a headstrong and fierce nature, he committed a capital offence at the age of fifteen. As a consequence, he changed his name and fled to Xuyi County to become a story-teller and was warmly received by his audiences. Later, he crossed the Yangtze River and travelled southwards. After attending one of his performances, Mo Houguang, a scholar from Songjiang Prefecture, commented, “This fellow is very smart and quick-witted indeed. He may well make a name for himself with his skill.”

Source Text 4:

绝大多数中国人对观赏自然不感兴趣，更不要说花钱来观赏自然。有些人是迫于参加政府资助的研究，但当项目经费用完，很少人还会继续下去。享受未经开发的环境，对中国人来说并不是天经地义的事。我们喜欢看有关自然的画，而不是大自然本身，喜欢一尊木雕佛像，而不是走进树木生长的森林；让我们的孩子呆在教室里接受有关荒野大教育，而不是带他们去亲身体验自然。

游客的这种态度是中国生态旅游也发展异常缓慢的原因。消费者不愿过度接近自然，所以旅游业忽视了像玉石村这样的地区。由于很少人愿意欣赏玉石村的美，人们通常寄希望于出手阔绰的外国游客，但是这一希望也很渺茫。（260字)

参考译文:

The vast majority of Chinese are not interested in enjoying nature, let alone spending money on nature. Some people are obliged to take part in the research supported by government. However, when project cost is consumed totally, few people will carry on. Enjoying the undeveloped environment is not a must-do thing to Chinese. We love seeing pictures of nature instead of nature itself, we love a Buddha’s sculpture made of wood instead of walking into the forests full of woods; We ask our children to stay in the classroom to acquire the knowledge of wilderness instead of bringing them to the real nature.

Attitudes of tourists contribute to the extremely slow development of ecotourism in China. Consumers are unwilling to be close to nature, so tourism ignore places like Yushi village. Few Chinese can appreciate the beauty of Yushi, however, chances are slim that high-spending foreign tourists are able to appreciate.

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