But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young。
(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group。
真题解析
46. It may be said //that the measure (of the worth of any social institution) is its effect (in enlarging and improving experience)； / but this effect is not a part of its original motive。
句子结构分析
(1)该句是由but连接的并列复合句，句子的主干是it may be said…but this effect is not a part。
(2)that引导的是宾语从句，其句子的主干是the measure is its effect。
(3)本句是并列句，与汉语语序基本一致，可以采取顺译法。
词语用法解释
(1)it may be said that可以看作一个固定结构，意思是“可以说”。
(2)measure
n。表示“措施，办法”。如：They took strong measures against dangerous drivers。(他们对危害公众的司机采取强硬的措施。)
v。表示“衡量，测量”。如：Mother measured me to see what size of dress I should have. (母亲给我量尺寸，好知道我该穿多大号的衣服。)
在本句中，可以转化词性，译成动词“衡量”。
(3)worth
adj。表示“值得……的”，常用be worth doing sth。的结构。如：It isn’t worth waiting for him。(不值得等他。)
n。表示“价值，财产”。如：the true worth of one’s friendship (某人友谊的真正价值)。
本句中可以译为“价值”。
(4)institution
n。表示“制定；习惯，制度；机构”等。如：Marriage became an institution in ancient societies。(婚姻在古代社会就已经成为一种制度。)
本句可译为“制度”。
(5)effect
n。表示“结果， 效果， 作用， 影响”。如：The drug had an immediate effect on the pain. (这药对止痛能立刻生效。)
vt。表示“生效，实现”。如：The new manager effected several changes in the company。(新来的经理在公司里促成了好几次改革。)
常用短语：in effect (实际上，正在生效)，take effect (开始实行，开始生效)。
本句是名词，译成“影响”。
(6)original
adj。表示“最初的， 原始的； 独创的，新颖的”。如：The original owner of the house was the Duke of Wellington。(这房子本来的主人是威灵顿公爵。)再如：an original idea(独到的见解)，an original painting (原画)，a person with an original (有创作头脑的人)。
n。表示“原物，原作”。如：studying Greek to read Homer in the original(学习希腊文是为了读荷马原著)。
本句中是adj.,译成“最初的”。
参考译文
可以说，衡量任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验的影响，但是这种影响并不是它最初动机的组成部分。
47. (Only gradually) was the by-product of the institution noted, / and (only more gradually still) was this effect considered as a directive factor (in the conduct of the institution。)
句子结构分析
(1)该句是由and引导的并列句，句子的主干是the byproduct was noted and this effect was considered as a directive factor。
(2) 两句话的句首都是only引导的时间状语，采用部分倒装结构；正常结构应该是： “The byproduct of the institution was only gradually noted and this effect was only more gradually still considered as a…”
(3)两句都采用了被动语态，可以翻译成汉语的主动语态：首句译为无主句，并列分句的主语变为宾语，再译为主动句。
词语用法解释
(1)by-product
表示“副产品”，由前缀by(附属的，次要的)+ product构成，如：bygone (过去的)，byway (旁道)等。
(2)still
adj。表示“静止的，静寂的，不动的”。如：The sea was calm and still. (大海风平浪静。)
adv。表示“还，仍，更，还要，尽管如此，依然”。如：My father still remembers his first day at school。(我的父亲仍记得他上学的第一天。)有时也表示强调，可以不译。
(3)consider
vt。表示“考虑，照顾，认为”。如：The court would not even consider his claim for the old man’s legacy. (法庭根本不会考虑他所提出的对老人遗产的要求。)
常与as / to be 搭配使用，表示“把(某人、某事)看作……,认为(某人、某事)如何”，本句即为该种用法。
(4)directive
adj。表示“指示的，指导的，管理的；定向的”。如：directive rules (规程)。
n。表示“指示，命令，指令；方针”。
本句可以引申为“规定的”。
(5)conduct
n。表示“行为，举止，品行”或者“执行，实施”。如：His conduct disagrees with his words。(他言行不一。)
vt.&vi。表示“行为，举止，表现”或者“经营，引导，实施”。如：My aunt conducts her business very successfully。(我的婶婶把企业经营得很成功。)
本句是n.,根据与institution的搭配，可译为动词“执行”。
参考译文
只有逐步才能注意到一种制度的副作用，而要承认这种副作用是执行该制度的一种规定性因素则更加缓慢。
48. While it is easy to ignore (in our contact with them) the effect of our acts upon their disposition,/ it is not so easy as (in dealing with adults)。
句子结构分析
(1)本句是一个主从复合句，句子的主干是it is not so easy。
(2)主句是个省略句，补充完整应该是it is not so easy (to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition) as in dealing with adults, 翻译时要补充完整。
(3)从句是while引导的时间状语从句，it作形式主语代替不定式“to ignore…disposition”。句中的in our contact with them将ignore与其宾语the effect of…分割开来，翻译时，根据汉语习惯将该状语提前。
(4)根据上下文，翻译时要增加主语“我们”。
(5)从上文可知，主句中的them、their都是指代“年轻人”。
词语用法解释
(1)ignore
vt。表示“不理睬，忽视”。如：I tried to tell her but she ignored me。(我打算告诉她，可是她不理睬我。)
常用短语：be ignorant of sth. (不知道)
(2)disposition
n。表示“性格；倾向；部署，处理”。如：The twin sisters have a happy disposition. (这一对孪生姐妹有一种乐天的性格。)disposition of the deceased’s property(对死者财产的处理)。本句中可译为“性格”。
(3)not so…as
表示“和……不一样”，其中so为副词，as为连词，是同级比较的否定结构形式。
(4)deal (with)
v。表示“安排、处理、涉及、做生意”，如：The book deals with this problem. (这本书论述了这个问题。)此处可译为“打交道”。
参考译文
在和年轻人交往时，我们容易忽略自己的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成人打交道时却并不如此容易。
49. Since our chief business (with them )is to enable them to share in a common life / we cannot help considering // (whether or no we are forming the powers /// which will secure this ability。)
句子结构分析
(1)本句是一个复杂的主从复合句，句子主干是we cannot help considering，since引导的是原因状语从句，whether or no引导的是宾语从句，which引导的是定语从句。
(2)which定语从句较短，与先行词关系密切，可以直接译成定语。
(3)整句话的逻辑表达顺序与汉语相同，可以采取顺序翻译法。
(4)them 指代“年轻人”，应该译出。
词语用法解释
(1)enable
vt。常与to搭配，表示“使能够，赋予权力”。如：A bird’s wings enable it to fly。(鸟的翅膀使鸟能飞。)a law enabling the new federal agency(赋予新联邦机构权力的法律)。
