指导:2007-2009年考研英语完型填空真题解析(4)

文都教育 /2009-09-23

  参考译文

  有关某些群体比其他群体更为聪明的观点是一个无人敢于说出来的假想。然而,格雷戈里·科克伦已经准备好将之公之于众。这人世间少见,是一个不隶属于任何机构的独立科学家。正是他推广了这一观点,即某些最初并不认为是细菌性的疾病其实是传染性的,这种观点刚一提出就引起了很大的争论。

  然而,即使是他,有时候也为他将要做的事情感到不寒而栗。他与另外两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文,不仅声称一个群体的人比其他人更为聪明,而且还解释了这种现象的形成过程。其所谈论的更加聪明的群体来自于中欧的一个特殊民族。 这个过程是自然选择。

  这个群体通常在智商测试中表现良好,得分比100分的平均分高出12到15分,并且在西方的知识和文化领域做出了巨大贡献。正如他们中的精英人物(包括几位知名的科学家在内)的一生所证实的那样。他们也更为经常地受到一些诸如乳腺癌等遗传疾病的影响。但是,以前人们并不认为这些事实具有相关性。前者归因于社会影响,例如重视教育的传统。后者则被看作是基因隔离的结果。Cochran博士认为智商与疾病是密切相关的。他认为这些人群不同寻常的历史使得他们承受了独特的进化压力,从而导致了这种矛盾的状态。

  2007年考研英语完形填空真题解析

  By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million  1  of these nations looked  2  to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence  3  the ideals of representative government, careers  4  to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the  5  to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.  6  there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a  7  set of laws。

  On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church,  9  , there was less agreement 10  the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one  11  by the Spanish crown.  12  most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism  13  the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the  14  of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying  15  for the conservative forces。

  The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had  16  in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s  17  colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much  18  because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies  19  . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was  20  self-rule and democracy。

  1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals

  2. [A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully

  3. [A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected

  4. [A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted

  5. [A] access[B] succession  [C] right[D] return

  6. [A] Presumable  [B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally

  7. [A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical

  8. [A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform

  9. [A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover

  10. [A] with[B] about[C] among[D] by

  11. [A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded

  12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While

  13. [A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against

  14. [A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence

  15. [A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish

  16. [A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised

  17. [A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original

  18. [A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher

  19. [A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred

  20. [A] puzzled by[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about[D] unprepared for

  文章背景

  本文主要介绍了西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地在获得独立后在政治宗教以及信念各个方面对未来的展望。虽然他们的领导人拥有共同的信念,即建立一个独立自主的国家,同时在经济上能够养活自己的国民,但在宗教自由以及教会的地位问题上,领导阶层之间的意见就不那么一致了。

  文章结构

  第一段:主要从政治方面进行叙述

  By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million  1  of these nations loved  2  to the future. (总述)

  many of the leaders of independence  3  the ideals…(分述)

  6  there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states…(分述)

  第二段:主要从宗教方面进行叙述

  On the issue of  8  of religion and the position of the church,  9  , there was less…

  第二段:主要从殖民地领导人的理想方面叙述

  On the issue of  8  of religion and the position of the church,  9  , there was less…

  答案详解

  1. 【解析】[B] 词汇辨析题。独立后的国家居民由原住民和移民共同构成,因此,强干扰项A可排除。而居民既包括原住民也包括移民,故选[B]。

  2. 【解析】[D] 语义衔接题。前一句指出各殖民地已经独立,所以人们对未来的态度应该是积极的,而“充满希望地”与“对未来的展望”应该是最恰当的。

  3. 【解析】[A] 语义衔接题。我们从the ideals of representative government, careersto talent, freedom of commerce and trade, theto private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society… 这些字里行间看出这些ideas是现代制度和法律所支持的观念,虽然这些领导人出身于旧政体和伊比利亚殖民主义的危机之中,他们(选择)分享这些观念。可先排除否定意义的B、D项。C项attain这个词一般指的是通过不断的努力获得某种知识或达到某个目标。因此,正确答案为A,许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府。

  4. 【解析】[C] 语义衔接/固定搭配题。本题目选择形容词,在句子中体现前、后名词之间的关系。many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careersto talent, freedom of commerce and trade,… “许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府,职业……于人才,商业和贸易自由……”选项A. related to 相关的;B. close to接近;C. open to 公开的;开着的;D. devoted to 奉献的; 投入的。符合语境的只有C. careers open to talent “职位向有才能的人开放”。

  5. 【解析】[C] 语义衔接题。本题目选择名词,在句子中体现句子内容的连贯性。many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, theto private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “许多独立国家的领导人都认同议会政府,认为职业应该向人才开放,认可商业贸易自由,认可私有财产的……,认为个人是社会的基础”。选项A. access to 接近;有权使用; B. succession to 继承;C. right to…的权利;D. return to 返回。从前面的“议会制政府”,“向人才开放的职业”,“商业和贸易自由”可以看出这里提到的是推动国家进步和发展,充分调动人们积极性的另一个理念“人们对私有财产的所有权”,故此处选择right。因此,正确答案为C。

  6. 【解析】[D] 语义衔接题。本题目选择副词,体现前、后两个句子之间的逻辑关系。there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, “有一种……的信念,新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家。”选项A. presumably 大概;B. incidentally 偶然;C. obviously 显然;D. generally 普遍。在上文中 many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “许多独立国家的领导人都认同议会政府,认为职业应该向人才开放,认可商业贸易自由,认可私有财产的……,认为个人是社会的基础。” 该句与后面的句子没有任何内容相反或转折的信号词,可以判断两个句子是顺接关系,后面承接上一句内容而来,继续介绍新的独立国家领导人都认同的理念。因此,正确答案为D。


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