44.

　　Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography – are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,” the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

　　45.

　　The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

　　The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume the responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

　　第三部分：词汇

　　SECTION ONE

　　并列关系 and, and also, or, neither… nor…, either …or…, not only…but also…as well, similarly, likewise, in the same way, that is to say.

　　递进关系 moreover, What is more, furthermore, then, besides, in addition, additionally

　　因果关系 because, for, since, as, hence thus, so, consequently

　　转折关系 but, however, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately

　　让步关系 although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, no matter …

　　条件关系 if, only if, if only

　　for, on, with, by, in, of, upon , against , at, about, from, to, out, off, beyond, into, above, without, through, towards, over

　　lead come turn get go bring make set hold call take catch

　　SECTION TWO

　　a great/good of　 大量(的),许多(的)

　　a matter of　 (关于…的)问题;大约

　　above all　 首要,尤其

　　account for　 说明(原因等)

　　add up to　 合计,总计

　　after a while　 过了一会,不久

　　ahead of　 在…前面,先于

　　ahead of schedule　 提前

　　ahead of time　 提前

　　all at once　 突然,同时,一起

　　all but　 几乎,差一点;除…之外其余都

　　all of a sudden　 突然

　　all the same　 仍然,照样的

　　all the time　 一直,始终

　　allow for　 考虑到

　　along with　 与…一起

　　and so on/forth　 等等

　　and yet　 可是,然而

　　anything but　 除…以外任何事(物),根本不

　　apart from　 除去

　　around/round the clock　 昼夜不停的

　　arrive at　 达成,得出

　　as a matter of fact　 其实,事实上

　　as a rule　 通常,照例

　　as far as/so far as　 原至,到…程度

　　as for　 至于,就…方面说

　　as good as　 和…几乎一样,实际上等于

　　as if　 好像,仿佛

　　as long as/so long as　 只要,如果

　　as regards　 关于,至于

　　as though　 好像

　　as though　 好像,仿佛

　　as to　 至于,关于

　　as well　 也,又

　　as well as　 既…又,除…之外(还)

　　as yet　 到目前为止,到那时为止

　　as/so far as…be concerned　 就…来说

　　aside from　 除…以外

　　ask after　 询问,问候

　　at (the) best　 充其量,至多

　　at (the) worst　 在最坏的情况下

　　at a loss　 困惑,不知所措

　　at a time　 每次,一次

　　at all　 完全,根本

　　at all costs　 不惜任何代价,无论如何

　　at all events　 无论如何

　　at any rate　 无论如何,至少

　　at first sight　 乍一看,初看起来

　　at full tilt　 全速的,全力的

　　at hand　 在手边,在附近,即将到来

　　at heart　 在内心,实质上

　　at home　 在家,在国内;自在,自如

　　at intervals 不时,时时

　　at large　 一般,大体上

　　at last　 最终,终于

　　at least　 至少，最低限度

　　at leisure　 从容的，有空

　　at length　 终于,最后;详细的

　　at most /at the most　 最多,至多,不超过

　　at no time　 从不,决不

　　at odor (with)　 (与)…不一致;差异,争执

　　at one time　 同时,曾经,从前曾