Once the presence of these characteristics has been recognized, most discussions of globalization move directly to comparative cultural -questions. Anthropologists, economists, ecologists, and political scientists all become cultural comparatists, weighing cultural differences against what is generally considered to be the inevitable function of globalization: the leveling of cultural difference. This comparative quotient runs inexorably, it seems, through discussions of globalization, and it should interest us as a profession, since our own most basic disciplinary methods are, of course, designed to recognize and interpret difference. I dunk of my own work in comparative American cultures, for example, as moving along spectrum between assumptions of basic cultural difference on the one hand and literary examples of shared attitudes and expressive structures on the other. I took for common contexts in order to ground my comparisons, but it is the differences that will matter most to my analysis. So, a mirror image begins to emerge, whereas the literary comparatist may be said to value significant differences and to study literature for what we may learn from those differences, me processes of globalization would seem to work in ways that are something like the reverse —toward a leveling of significant difference in favor of insignificant sameness. But this comparison, too, will need to be complicated, for homogeneity and heterogeneity are not necessarily antithetical, and in 'fact may operate in dialectical relationship. Consider, for example, my third characteristic of globalization—unprecedented levels of immigration —a circumstance mat suggests the following paradox: the processes of globalization may homogenize tastes and habits by means of new information technologies and global markets, but at the same time they may also generate configurations of striking difference, as immigrants occupy new cultural and linguistic spaces. Nowhere is this more true than in the U. S., where we are experiencing the greatest migratory influx of our history. Certain regions of the country are more illustrative of this than others, of course, but let me say simply that my classes at the University of Houston are far more diverse culturally, linguistically, and ethnically than they were ten years ago —a comparative cultural opportunity that I feel, frankly, I have not yet fully engaged in my own teaching and that our curricular and departmental structures have not yet fully responded to, either.

Questions:

65. The author implies that the inevitable function of globalization is .

A. maintenance of differences B. reduction of differences

C. promotion of cooperation D. exaltation of competition

66. According to the passage, the main objective of comparison is to .

A. identify common features B. encourage competition

C. recognize differences D. both A and C

67. The profession of the author of this passage is most likely that of a .

A. comparatist B. anthropologist

C. ecologist D. political scientist

68. The word "paradox" in line 19 probably means .

A. contradiction B. identification

C. supplementation D. seemingly contradictory

69. Immigration brings__ ¬¬to the destination country.

A. wealth B. diversity C. disorder D. disagreement

70. What relates globalization to cultural comparison is the fact that _.

A. globalization generates more discussions

B. globalization arouses more disputes over cultural matters

C. globalization both homogenize and heterogenize

D. the author is equally interested in both

Part IV (30')

Division A: In this part, you are required to complete 20 sentences. Each sentence wants one word only. You must choose the needed word from the provisions below. You do not need to change the form of the chosen word. But the word you choose must fit into the sentence in both meaning and grammar. For each correct completion, you will get one point. (20%)

existentialism realms particular structure prophecies primacy

discredit tinged mediation poetry demeaned forms value

diachronic antithesis quantitative methodology that obtaining temporal

71. The formalists argued at the beginning for a strict separation of form and content and made repeated efforts to ____ the latter as a proper object of literary study by

concentrating exclusively on the former.

72. It's not so much ______ they love the possibility of doing or not doing something as it is the possibility of speaking with words, agreed on among themselves, about various topics.

73. The so-called formal method grew out of a struggle for a science of literature that would be both independent and factual; it is not the outgrowth of a particular _______ .

74. What I am interested in doing now is suggesting how the general liberal consensus that "true" knowledge is fundamentally non-political obscures the highly if obscurely organized political circumstances _______when knowledge is produced.

75. My point here is that "Russia" as a general subject matter has political priority over nicer distinctions such as "economics" and "literary history," because political society in Gramsci's sense reaches into such _______of civil society as the academy and saturates them with significance of direct concern to it.

76. To say this may seem quite different from saying that all academic knowledge about India and Egypt is somehow _______ and impressed with, violated by, the gross political fact — and yet that is what I am saying in this study of Orientalism.

77. But there is no getting away from the fact that literary studies in general, and American Marxist theorists in _____, have avoided the effort of seriously bridging the gap between the superstructure] and base levels in textual, historical scholarship.

78. In the second place, to believe that politics in the form of imperialism bears upon The production of literature, scholarship, social theory, and history writing is by no means equivalent to saying that culture is therefore a______ or denigrated thing.

79. So it is mat the life of Christ, the text of the New Testament, which comes as the fulfillment of the hidden _____ and annunciatory signs of the Old, constitutes a second, properly allegorical level, in terms of which the latter may be rewritten.

80. Stalin's "expressive causality" can be detected, to take one example, in the productionist ideology of Soviet Marxism, as an insistence on the _______ of the forces of production.

81. _______ is the classical dialectical term for the establishment of relationships between, say, the formal analysis of a work of art and its social ground, or between the internal dynamics of the political state and its economic base.

82. The archetypal critic studies the poem as part of poetry, and as part of the total human imitation of nature that we call civilization.

83. When we pass into anagogy, nature becomes, not the container, but the thing contained, and the archetypal universal symbols, the city, the garden, the quest, the marriage, are no longer the drsirabte______ that man constructs inside nature, but are themselves the forms of nature.

84. We have suggested that it is only in the first narrowly political horizon — in which history is reduced to a series of punctual events and crises in time, to the ______ agitation of the year-to-year, the chroniclelike annals of the rise and fall of political regimes and social fashions, and tile passionate immediacy of struggles between historical individuals — that the "text" or object of study will tend to coincide with the individual literary work or cultural artifact.

85. It would be tempting, but not quite accurate, to see in them two mutually exclusive modes of thought, to hold them up as the______ between the analytical and the dialectical understanding.

86. Saussure's position has many affinities with that of Husseri, for like Husserl he was not content simply to point out the existence of another equally valuable mode of humanistic and qualitative thought alongside the scientific and______ , but tried to codify the structure of such thought in a methodological way, thus making all kinds of new and concrete investigations possible.

87. In personal or psychological terms, this methodological perception is reflected in _______, whose leitmotive — the priority of existence over essence — is indeed simply another way of saying the same thing, and of showing how lived reality alters in function of the "choice" we make of it or the essences through which we interpret it: in other words, in function of the "model" through which we see and live the world.

88. His solution to this dilemma is ingenious: one may call it situational, or even phenomenological, in that it takes into account the concrete _______of speech as a "circuit of discourse," as a relationship between two speakers.

89. The movement of Saussure's thought may perhaps be articulated as follows: language is not an object, not a substance, but rather a _______ : thus language is a perception of identity.

90. The syntagmatic dimension, in other words, looks like a primary phenomenon only when we examine its individual units separately; then they seem to be organized successively in time according to some mode of_______ perception.

Division B: The fallowing is an incomplete passage. Fill each blank with one word only. You can choose any word from your vocabulary so long as it completes the sentence both in grammar and in meaning. For each correct completion, you will get one point (10%)

Perhaps it was the middle of January in the present that I first looked up and saw the mark on the wail. In order to fix a date it was necessary to remember what one 91 . So now I think of the fire; the steady 92 of yellow light upon the page of my book; the three chrysanthernums 93 the round glass bowl on the mantelpiece. Yes, it 94 have been the winter time, and we had just finished our tea, 95 I remember that I was smoking a cigarette when I looked up and saw the mark on the wall for the first time. I looked up 96 the smoke of my cigarette and my eye lodged for a 97 upon the burning coals, and that old fancy of the crimson flag _98 from me castle tower came into my mind, and I thought of the cavalcade of red knights riding up the side of the black rock. Rather to my 99 the sight of the mark interrupted the fancy, for it is an old fancy, an automatic fancy, made as a child perhaps. The mark was a small round mark, black upon the white wall, about six or seven inches 100 the mantelpiece.