II. 选择搭配题

Directions:

    You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (4 1-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.  (10 points)

[A] What to do as a student?
[B] Various definitions of plagiarism
[C] Ideas should always be sourced
[D] Ignorance can be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism

    Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as
one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”

    The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

    Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.

    Plagiarism by accident, or oversight，sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.

    Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography -- are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

    The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

    The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement: All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty．

(课外练习，下次课给答案)

Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Five Rules for the Post-boom. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] It’s easier to be acquired than hired:
[B] Endurance counts:
[C] Develop a taste for crow:
[D] Square pegs for square holes:
[E] Make yourself available for any job interview:
[F] The Rule of 10:

    What a difference a bust makes. The employers are back in the driver’s seat, and job switchers have to learn to play the game anew. As an executive agent, I manage the careers of senior executives, many of them in tech industries, and I’m often privy to their most trying professional challenges. From my vantage point, I’ve seen some new rules emerge for job hunters.

    All hiring executives have at least 10 friends out of work. They will typically fill senior-level openings by first calling friends in their Rolodex. So if you needed a reminder about the importance of building and maintaining your professional network, this is it. Get onto as many lists of 10 as possible.

    Back in the days of the talent shortage, companies often hired people into jobs with relatively little experience for that particular task. They didn’t have much choice; they crossed their fingers and hoped the person would grow into the job.

    Now hiring managers can choose from candidates whose professional experience is exactly, 100 percent relevant for the position. It’s not a good time to switch careers.

    The old wisdom was “Just get your foot in the door.” But even that’s not easy now, since companies have the luxury of taking long, hard looks at candidates before hiring them. One solution: develop some kind of business relationship with the company, such as pitching deals that are low-risk. high-reward for them. A client of mine developed a consulting agreement that would lead to an equity stake in the firm—and a permanent job—if he was successful. His plan worked. Consulting, once considered the last option for a corporate executive on the job market, has now become an avenue to getting hired.

    A client became depressed during a job interview because the hiring executive he sat across form was a former subordinate of his. It’s a common occurrence. After all, with the flight by entrepreneurial types from corporations during the height of the dot-com boom, those left behind were often promoted—largely because they stayed. Like the tortoise competing against the hare, they are plodding toward the finish line with big smiles. In this job market, turn off an arrogance or hubris; there’s little time for gamesmanship. Position yourself positively; you may bypass them later on, but to get back in the race you must first get back inside.

    If you’re out of work, find someone to help you take a hard look inward. Evaluate your skills and experience, and market yourself into positions that are a near-perfect match—even if it means a step down in salary or title. Whether you’re in a job or out of a job, the most important rules remain the same: be smart and relentless about forging lasting partnerships, and have a work ethic of perseverance. Don’t wait for a career map, create your own.

III. English-Chinese Translation

    Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures.  1) Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to the study of the more immediate past, which has been called “historical archaeology,” a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.

    Back in the 1930’s and 1940’s, when building restoration was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.

    2) The extreme enthusiasm for reconstruction had largely died down by the 1950’s and 1960’s. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They were, by training, scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved. 3) But because they were embarking on the historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation and because their knowledge of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to American history remained confined. Their reports, highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread.

    More recently, professional archaeologists have taken over.  4) These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area has led to a reinterpretation of the United States past.

    5) In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building’s basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.  (356 words)

Notes: archaeology考古学； take a back seat 退居次要地位；die down 逐渐减弱；embark on从事，着手，开始工作； take over接收，接办，接任；seek to do sth. 试图做某事；promise n. 有希望，有前途；stash vt. 隐藏；to the contrary （作表语或后置定语）相反的。supposedly 按照推定，想象上，恐怕。