1. Future musicologists will lose much sleep over Philip Glass because _____.

[A] Philip Glass's works are consistently changing based on the different context and various external conditions

[B] Philip Glass's music is characterized by its uninte-lligibility

[C] Philip Glass is ignorant of establishing an immutable, sacrosanct urtext

[D] Philip Glass's works are totally alien to modern and even future audience

1. 未来的音乐学家会在Philip Glass身上耗费许多不眠之夜，因为 _____。

[A] Philip Glass的作品在不同的情景和外部条件下不断地发生变化

[B] Philip Glass作品的重要特点就是非常难以理解

[C] Philip Glass不屑于创立不变的、神圣的乐谱

[D] Philip Glass的作品对于现代甚至是未来的观众来说是完全陌生的

答案：A　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。文章刚开始就提到，未来的音乐学家会在Glass身上耗费掉许多不眠之夜，引申来看就是Glass的作品会很耗费人的精力。接下来文章就介绍了Glass作品的特点，他的作品会因环境和时代的变化而作出许多变动，他不相信那种永恒不变的乐谱，这可能就是未来的音乐学家要在他身上耗费许多精力的原因。文章接下来还举了具体的例子说明他如何把自己的歌剧改编成协奏曲，因此，A最为符合。

2. To make the opera become a concerto Mr. Glass trimmed _____.

[A] the tale of the multicolored bathing cap

[B] the quotations from Carole King

[C] Mr. Bojangles' scene

[D] Lucinda Childe's adventure

2. 为了让这部歌剧变为协奏曲，Glass先生删去了 _____。

[A] 彩色游泳帽的故事

[B] 引用的Carole King的话

[C] Bojangles先生的场景

[D] Lucinda Childe的冒险经历

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。文章第二段提到演出的版本缩短了两个小时，而且删节比较明显。在说明删去的内容时，作者却指出了一些完整的情节，这一点容易让考生混淆，所以就需要从中挑出哪些是删去了的。原文提到，Lucinda Childe彩色游泳帽的故事是完整的，引用Carole King的话“我感到了地动”也是，而Bojangles先生却没有在这次演出中出现，因此，答案为选项C。选项D有一定的迷惑性，Lucinda Childe的故事实际上就是彩色游泳帽的故事，但是选项中用了adventure这个词是无中生有，因此可以排除该选项。

3. Which one of the following is NOT true of the new version of Einstein on the Beach?

[A] The former structure and format was kept constantly for the majority part.

[B] The version was changed into a concerto with a more formal procedure and a more fixed setting.

[C] The version was a success partly because of the advantages brought by trims.

[D] The version was tighter than its ancestor.

3. 关于《海滩上的爱因斯坦》，下列哪个说法是错误的？

[A] 原来的结构和形式大部分没有改变。

[B] 这个版本被改成了一部协奏曲，形式更加正式，场景也更加固定。

[C] 这个版本获得成功，部分原因在于所作的删节。

[D] 这个版本比其原作更紧凑。

答案：A　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。题干要求找出关于《海滩上的爱因斯坦》这部作品描述错误的一项。选项A，文章第二段提到Glass先生将这部剧作的结构和形式视为神圣，表演了五个小时，可是在新版本中删去了两个小时，其结构和形式应该发生了变化，因此，这个选项有可能是错误的。B在文章第三段提到，C在文章第四段提到，这部作品可能还因为删节而获益，因为乐段之间的转换更快了，凸现了主要的美。D，文章第四段提到乐段之间的转换更快，最后一段的最后一句也提到，Glass先生的演奏团队给了这个版本一个紧凑的解读，这两处都可以反映出这个版本更为紧凑了。相比较而言，A的陈述是错误的。

4. The contrary elements which added charm to the new version were _____.

[A] the soporific repetition of phrases and invigorating music

[B] the streams of numbers and symphonic energy

[C] the classical violin solo passage and electrifying workout

[D] inventiveness and real beauty

4. 为这个新版本增添了魅力的相矛盾的元素是 _____。

[A] 催人入睡的重复的乐句和令人振奋的音乐

[B] 数字串和和声的力量

[C] 经典的小提琴独奏和电子化的加工

[D] 创造性和真正的美

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆☆

分析：细节题。文章最后一段指出，这部作品的魅力部分就在于里面有相异、相冲突的元素，一面是乐句的不停重复有催眠的效果，但是轻吟的键盘乐器、木管乐器以及突然爆发的合唱，还有那些特有的咝咝声，听起来都那么令人振奋。而因为演奏的声音被放大了许多，音质仿佛也融合在了一起。那重复的片断是人声、小提琴的声音还是管风琴的高音？而不管是一直跟随Glass先生演出的团队还是新来的人员，都把乐谱唱得紧凑而高昂。前三个选项都是这些特点的一个方面，而D以精练的语言最好地概括了这些特点。

5. The passage is mainly _____.

[A] a comparison of two versions of Einstein on the Beach

[B] an introduction of a new art form

[C] a study on the influence of trims on musical works

[D] an analysis of Mr. Glass's works

5. 这篇文章主要是 _____。

[A] 两个版本的《海滩上的爱因斯坦》的比较

[B] 介绍一种新的艺术形式

[C] 对删节音乐作品产生的影响的研究

[D] 对Glass先生作品的分析

答案：D　难度系数：☆

分析：主旨题。这篇文章主要介绍了Glass先生的作品《海滩上的爱因斯坦》，突出表现了其作品的一些独特之处。选项A，文章虽然两个版本都提到了，但并不是对这两个版本的比较；B不符合原文；C的说法原文提到了，但只是文章的一小部分内容而已；选项D，可以看出全文都是对其作品的分析，相对来说比较切合题意。因此，正确答案为D。





参考译文


设想一下，未来的音乐学者得在Philip Glass身上花掉多少不眠之夜啊。在他的职业生涯中，Philip为适应环境而改变乐谱，比如为了录音而修改乐谱，因为他坚信（相对的）简洁对非视觉表演有好处。音乐学者希望通过筛选历史证据建立起那种永恒的、神圣的原始乐谱概念，但他在这一点上有完全不同的想法。

但是，如果你想知道Glass先生是否还觉得有神圣的东西的话，那就是《海滩上的爱因斯坦》的结构和格式。1976年这部歌剧首次公演，1984年和1992年重演，在剧中，“爱因斯坦”没有停歇地表演了五个小时。爱因斯坦不仅是一个疯狂的小提琴迷，也是核能之父，而这部作品没有多少叙述，却充满了联想和想象，它冷酷地展现在大家面前，循环反复的乐句创造出环环相套的节奏。歌词大多都是数字、视唱练习的音节和怪异的意识流口语文本，组合成一种催眠的咒语。听众可以自由来去，但是这部作品的部分力量就来源于它的冷酷，更不用说Robert Wilson离奇的舞台布置了。

周四晚上，Glass先生和他的演出团队在卡内基大厅进行了演出，这次演出删除了这部剧作中一些令其显得怪诞的因素，将其转变为一部协奏曲。这次演出历时三个小时，有一次幕间休息，还有正式的座位规则。如果说这次演出并没有将这部剧作的全部内容展示出来的话，至少其雄浑的效果还是得以展现出来。该剧被删去了几部分，从而缩短了两个小时，有些改动值得注意，比如Lucinda Childe彩色游泳帽的故事是完整的，还有引用的Carole King的话“我感到了地动”也没有被删掉，但是Bojangles先生却被逐出了这次剧演。

从音乐上来讲，尽管作了删节，但乐谱还是获得了成功，甚至应该说是得益于删节。从一节到下一节轻快的过渡突出了其独创性，使得该作品更为独特，并突出了真正美的篇章。比如在“膝盖戏3”中，没有伴奏的合唱队流畅地唱着数字，但是这时的音乐却带有一种庄严的色彩，而其他乐章又体现了和声急板乐曲的力量。小提琴手Tim Fain在第二、第四和第五“膝盖剧”中进行了独奏，而在高潮的回旋的“太空船内部”一幕中，进行了电子化、艺术性的加工。

这部作品的魅力部分在于里面的元素各不相同。短乐句的反复一方面有催眠的效果，但是轻吟的键盘乐器、木管乐器以及突然爆发的合唱，还有那些咝咝声，形成了特有的节奏模式，听起来都那么令人振奋。而因为演奏的声音被放大了许多，音质仿佛也融合在了一起。那重复的片断是人声，是小提琴的声音还是管风琴的高音？而不管是一直跟随Glass先生演出的团队还是新来的人员，都把乐谱唱得紧凑而高昂。





Unit 4


TEXT ONE


It has been one year since media magnate and incurable womanizer SiSlvio Berlusconi resigned his job as Italian prime minister in a disgraceful display of collective national embarrassment. On November 12, 2011, Berlusconi tendered his resignation at a late night meeting with Italian president Giorgio Napolitano and, as his motorcade left the presidential palace, thousands of Italians who had gathered for the momentous occasion threw coins and spat on his car as an orchestral chorus sang “Hallelujah.” His departure marked the end of T&A era in which salacious stories of his orgiastic parties were far more prevalent than press about policy.

Many believed that with Berlusconi's departure, there would be a new dawn for the country—especially women. But one year later, Italian women are actually faring far worse than they were when Berlusconi resigned—at least according to the 2012 World Economic Gender Gap report, which ranks women in 135 countries according to workforce equality, wage parity, health, and education. According to the report, Italian women slipped six slots from 74th to 80th on the overall scale, behind countries including Moldova, Ghana, and Peru. In some areas, Italian women did far worse—ranking 101st in employment and economic opportunity. In educational attainment, Italian women are 65th, but 20 countries including Botswana, Barbados and the Bahamas tied with the United States, France and Norway for the first place ranking.

To be fair, Berlusconi's replacement Mario Monti, who was assigned the job as prime minister by Napolitano last November, has focused his attention on saving the economy from the abyss and has not made gender equality a priority.

But also to his credit, Monti has put women in powerful positions in his government, even though the Global Gender Gap statistics slightly skew the reality on the ground. In the 2012 report, Italy plunged from 46th to 70th place in the category of government participation, which takes into account the number of women in decision making positions in government. The number of Italian women in ministerial positions in Italy may have dropped from 22 to 17 since Berlusconi left office, but it can be easily argued that though fewer, the women in government now are far more qualified for the job than during Berlusconi's era. Berlusconi famously promoted women like former topless calendar model Mara Carfagna, who held the position of his equal opportunity minister, and who the playboy famously once said he'd marry if he wasn't already betrothed. Those women have been replaced by women like Elsa Fornero, a Thatcher-esque leader who was an economics professor before taking the equal opportunity and gender equality portfolio under Monti. She has spoken openly about the over-sexualization of women on Italian television and how it “offends” her to the point that she no longer watches most Italian programming. She has called for reeducating the nation's youth to help change stereotypes that continue to reflect Italian women as subordinates to their male counterparts.

Documentarian Lorella Zanardo, whose cult video and book Corpo della Donna has made an enormous impact in exposing societal sexism in Italy agrees that improvement must come from the next generation. But she believes that the end of the Berlusconi political era will have little impact on the society as long as he still controls so much of the media. “Sexist television worsens the situation,” she told The Daily Beast. “Our television has never had an educational objective and therefore deeply sexist images that still give to men the idea that women are objects continue to dehumanize us.”And that will take more than a year without Berlusconi in office to recover from.

1. Berlusconi tendered his resignation mainly because _____.

[A] Italians didn't like his behavior any more

[B] he was an incurable womanizer

[C] he exacerbated the phenomenon of gender discrimination in Italy, leaving women in a bad situation

[D] he had the orgiastic parties with salacious stories, making people unsatisfied

2. Which of the following is the reason why women in Italy are still in the bad position after Berlusconi's departure?

[A] Monti has not made gender equality a priority.

[B] There haven't been so many women working in the government.

[C] The stereotypes that Italian women are subordinate to their male counterparts still exist.

[D] Women themselves have been disappointed with the government.

3. The phrase “Thatcher-esque leader” (Line 9, paragraph 4) most probably means _____.

[A] strict leader

[B] precise leader

[C] a leader like Thatcher

[D] honest leader

4. Which way is the best one to change the situation of sexual discrimination?

[A] Never watch most of the television programming.

[B] Don't let Berlusconi control so much of the media.

[C] Change the prejudice of men to women that women are objects.

[D] Make television programmes have the educational objective.

5. According to the last paragraph, documentarian Lorella Zanardo's attitude to the future of Italy's gender gap is _____.

[A] indifferent

[B] sorrowful

[C] pessimistic

[D] desperate





文章剖析


这篇文章分析了意大利前总理贝卢斯科尼退出政坛后意大利女性的处境。文章第一段讲述了贝卢斯科尼退出政坛时的基本情况；第二段讲述了贝卢斯科尼退出政坛后意大利女性的处境并未得到改善，反而更为糟糕；第三段和第四段讲述了贝卢斯科尼的继任者的作为，以及其继任者在位时意大利女性在政府中的地位，同时将其内阁中的女性与贝卢斯科尼时期的女性进行了对比；第五段讲述了纪录片导演对意大利性别歧视现象的看法和担忧。





词汇注释


magnate n. 富豪；权贵；巨头；大企业家

womanizer n. 玩弄女性的人；风流坯子；色鬼

tender vt. 递交，呈交；正式提出

orgiastic adj. 狂欢的；放纵的；狂野的

slot n. 位置

abyss n. 深渊，低谷





难句突破


① To be fair, Berlusconi's replacement Mario Monti, who was assigned the job as prime minister by Napolitano last November, has focused his attention on saving the economy from the abyss and has not made gender equality a priority.

主体句式：Mario Monti, ..., has focused...and has not made...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，由定语从句和并列句构成。who引导的定语从句用来修饰Mario Monti，而has focused his attention...and has not made...是由and引导的并列句。

句子译文：贝卢斯科尼的继任者马里奥·蒙蒂在去年11月份被纳波利塔诺总统任命为总理。说句公道话，这位继任总理把工作重心放在了如何拯救经济以走出低谷上，而没有把性别平等问题置于首位。

② Documentarian Lorella Zanardo, whose cult video and book Corpo della Donna has made an enormous impact in exposing societal sexism in Italy agrees that improvement must come from the next generation.

主体句式：Documentarian Lorella Zanardo, ...agrees...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，前面用whose引导的定语从句来修饰主语Documentarian Lorella Zanardo，后面has made...in Italy用来补充说明cult video and book。agrees that...后是由that引导的宾语从句。

句子译文：纪录片导演罗瑞·拉扎纳备受追捧的视频和书籍《女人的身体》在揭露意大利社会性别歧视方面产生了巨大的影响，她认为这一现象必须靠下一代来改善。





题目分析


1. Berlusconi tendered his resignation mainly because _____.

[A] Italians didn't like his behavior any more

[B] he was an incurable womanizer

[C] he exacerbated the phenomenon of gender discri-mination in Italy, leaving women in a bad situation

[D] he had the orgiastic parties with salacious stories, making people unsatisfied

1. 贝卢斯科尼提出辞职的主要原因是_____。

[A] 意大利人民不再喜欢他的行为了

[B] 他是一个无可救药的好色之徒

[C] 他加剧了意大利的性别歧视现象，使女性处于不好的境地

[D] 他举办色情狂欢派对，使人民感到不满

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。虽然第一段提到，当贝卢斯科尼辞职时，意大利人的行为表现出了对他的不满，但这并非他辞职的主要原因。B和D选项都只是表面现象。其真正的原因从下文可知，是由于他使女性的处境变糟，性别歧视现象加剧，引起社会不满。所以C选项符合题意。

2. Which of the following is the reason why women in Italy are still in the bad position after Berlusconi's departure?

[A] Monti has not made gender equality a priority.

[B] There haven't been so many women working in the government.

[C] The stereotypes that Italian women are subordinate to their male counterparts still exist.

[D] Women themselves have been disappointed with the government.

3. 下列选项中哪一项是贝卢斯科尼辞职后意大利女性处境依旧不好的原因？

[A] 蒙蒂没有把实现性别平等放在首位。

[B] 还没有那么多的女性在政府中就职。

[C] 意大利女性只是男性的附属物的陈旧思想依然存在。

[D] 女性本身已经对政府失望了。

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。第三段提到蒙蒂没有把性别平等问题置于首位，而且女性在政府中就职的人数有所减少。但这些只是女性的现状，而不是导致女性处境不好的原因。D选项文中并未提及。第四段提到女性是男性附属物的陈旧思想依然存在，使得女性在很多方面都很被动，这才是女性处境不好的原因。因此，选项C符合题意。

3. The phrase “Thatcher-esque leader” (Line 9, Paragraph 4) most probably means _____.

[A] strict leader

[B] precise leader

[C] a leader like Thatcher

[D] honest leader

3. “Thatcher-esque leader”（第四段第九行）这一词组最有可能的意思是_____。

[A] 严厉的领袖

[B] 严谨的领袖

[C] 像撒切尔一样的领袖

[D] 正直的领袖

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：猜词题。Thatcher是英国的女首相，人称“铁娘子”。而在文中我们知道，埃尔萨·福尔内罗是一位意大利的女领导人，优秀、能干，像撒切尔夫人一样。因此可知，Thatcher-esque leader意为“撒切尔式的领袖”，故答案为选项C。

4. Which way is the best one to change the situation of sexual discrimination?

[A] Never watch most of the television programming.

[B] Don't let Berlusconi control so much of the media.

[C] Change the prejudice of men to women that women are objects.

[D] Make television programmes have the educational objective.

4. 下列选项中哪一个是改善性别歧视最好的方式？

[A] 绝不看大部分电视节目。

[B] 不让贝卢斯科尼控制太多的媒体。

[C] 改变男人认为女人就是玩物的偏见。

[D] 让电视节目具有教育意义。

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。第四段中提到埃尔萨·福尔内罗不看很多电视节目是因为电视节目中的性别歧视让她觉得受到了极大的冒犯。但即使不看，歧视还是存在的，这不能从根本上解决问题。因此，选项A不恰当。选项D和A有着相同的错误。而第五段说贝卢斯科尼控制了大量的媒体，所以性别歧视不会有太大的改观。但是即使不让他控制媒体，只要人们的思想观念不改变，问题还是无法根本解决。最后一段还提到，必须改变女性只是玩物这一根深蒂固的性别歧视概念。因此，改变男性带有偏见的观念是最好的方式，只有选项C符合题意。

5. According to the last paragraph, documentarian Lorella Zanardo's attitude to the future of Italy's gender gap is _____.